PROBLEMS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) BLOOD PRESSURE: The force or pressure developed by the heart, which acts to pump blood through the circulatory system.

BLOOD PRESSURE (cont’d) Two Distinct pressures that are measured!! Two Distinct pressures that are measured!! Systolic: A measure of the maximum force or pressure developed in the arteries when the heart contracts Diastolic: A measure of the lowest pressure, which occur in the arteries during cardiac relaxation.

BLOOD PRESSURE (cont’d) ► Sphygmomanometer: An instrument used to measure blood pressure. ► Stethoscope: An instrument used to listen to the sounds of the heart, or listen to the flow of blood through the vessels when measuring the blood pressure.

HYPERTENSION (cont’d) HYPERTENSION (High Blood Pressure): Continuous elevation of blood pressure above the normal range. Ex. 140/90

HYPERTENSION VIDEO ► Hypertension video: Please copy this link into your browser and watch the video: ► s/cardiovascular_health/hypertension/what_ is_hypertension_video

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ► Arteriosclerosis: Artery walls harden; caused by a diet high in fat and cholesterol. ► Causes:  Smoking  Diabetes  High Blood Pressure  High Cholesterol  Overweight  Genetics

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS ► Treatments:  Stop smoking  Heart Healthy Diet  Low fat  Low sodium  Low calorie  Exercise  Medicine  Surgery  Angioplasty – balloon surgically inserted and inflated in the artery to clear buildup  Bypass – surgery to add a new artery to “pass by” the blocked section of the existing artery

HEART ATTACK ► Heart attack: a blocked artery prevents oxygen from reaching the heart muscle ► Symptoms:  Chest pain, arm pain, back pain  Shortness of breath  Nausea or vomiting  Heartburn ► Treatment:  Call 9-1-1!  The longer a person goes without treatment, the greater the damage!  depends on the cause of the blockage

CARDIAC ARREST ► Cardiac Arrest: an electrical malfunction that causes an irregular heartbeat or stopped heartbeat ► Symptoms:  Sudden collapse  No pulse  No breathing ► Treatment:  Call 9-1-1!  CPR is used to keep the heart going until help arrives  Defibrillator (AED) can be used to restart the heart

HEART ATTACK VS. CARDIAC ARREST ► READING ASSIGNMENT: Please copy the following link into your browser and read the article: ► /MyHeartandStrokeNews/Heart-Attack-or-Sudden- Cardiac-Arrest-How-Are-They- Different_UCM_440804_Article.jsp#.Vs3f4vkrLIU

ANEMIA ► Lack of red blood cells or cells that do not carry enough oxygen; may cause weakness and low energy levels. ► Prevention:  Eat foods that are rich in Iron in Iron  Iron supplements  Treatment: Rest

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA ► Sickle Cell Anemia: Diseases of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells – results in lower oxygen levels ► There is no prevention for sickle-cell anemia since you are born with it. ► Treatments:  Blood Transfusions  Medication ► Normal Blood Cell ► Sickle Cell

LEUKEMIA ► Leukemia: Cancer of the blood or bone marrow  Most common cancer for children & adolescents under 20 years old  Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant

STROKE ► Happens when a cluster of blood cells blocks blood vessels in the brain, resulting in a lack of oxygen to a portion of the brain. ► Stroke is a “Brain Attack”

STROKE (Cont’d) ► Prevention:  Don’t Smoke  Moderate drinking for adults  Get cholesterol checked  Exercise  Heart-healthy diet ► Treatment:  Medication  Rehabilitation

BLOOD CLOTS (DVT’S) ► Blood clots (Deep Vein Thrombosis): Clotting that occurs in the veins that can break away and cause other health problems ► May result in a blockage in veins, lungs, or brain ► Causes: heart disease, smoking, medications, prolonged sitting ► Treatments: medication or surgery

HEMOPHILIA ► Hemophilia: Blood does not clot properly. Can be caused by a lack of platelets or platelets not working properly. ► Treatment: Transfusions of blood clotting factors, medication