Honors Blood Review 1. Indicate the composition and volume (%) of whole blood. -Formed elements (45%), plasma (55%), color, pH, temperature 2. Describe the composition of plasma and its importance. - nutrients, salts, gases, hormones, proteins (albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies), waste products 3. List the cell types making up the formed elements (cells) and describe the main function of each. *** See notes for functions, – erythrocytes (hemoglobin, etc), leukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes), platelets 4. State the name, appearance and function of the leukocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes 5. Define hematopoiesis and discuss the importance of stem cells (see Fig P. 345) - blood formation, in RED bone marrow 6. Describe the blood clotting process (3 steps in Fig P. 347) 7. Explain when clotting is undesirable (not wanted). - thrombus, embolus 8. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups, including genetics - Genotype/phenotype, Punnett Square, i A i, etc - Remember to use separate Punnett squares to determine ABO and Rh groups

9. Describe the major blood disorders discussed in class. - Hemophilia, Anemia (sickle cell, etc), Leukemia, Jaundice, Hemolytic disease of newborn - Explain how Leukemia is named: ALL, CLL, AML, CLL (what do the first 2 letters mean?) 10. Explain the processes of Sickle Cell Anemia and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Rh) 11. Explain blood transfusion- donors, recipients, and transfusion reactions - Universal donor, universal recipient, antigen, antibody 12. Other important vocabulary: Diapedesis, hemoglobin, agglutination, Rhogam

Slide 10.1 Blood  A. The only fluid tissue in the human body  B. Classified as a connective tissue  1. Living cells = formed elements (45%)  2. Non-living matrix = plasma (55%)

Slide 10.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood  Color range  Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red  Oxygen-poor blood is dull red (not blue!)  pH must remain between 7.35–7.45  Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature

Slide 10.3 Blood Plasma  A. Composed of approximately 90 percent water  B. Includes many dissolved substances  Nutrients  Salts (metal ions)  Respiratory gases  Hormones  Proteins  Waste products

Slide 10.4 C. Plasma Proteins  Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure, serve as carriers for insoluble molecules  Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured  Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens (produced by lymphocytes)

Slide 10.5 Formed Elements  Erythrocytes = red blood cells  Leukocytes = white blood cells  Platelets = cell fragments for clotting

Slide 10.6 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)  A. The main function is to carry oxygen  B. Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes  Biconcave disks  Essentially bags of hemoglobin  Anucleate (no nucleus)  Contain very few organelles  C. Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1

Slide 10.7 Hemoglobin  Iron-containing protein  Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen  Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites  Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

Slide 10.8 Fate of Erythrocytes  Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins (no nucleus/organelles)  Wear out in 100 to 120 days  When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver  Lost cells are replaced by cells in the bone marrow

Mnemonic! In order of most abundant (common) to least: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas – Neutrophil(-Phils have granules) – Lymphocyte(-Cytes do not have granules) – Monocyte – Eosinophil – Basophil

Slide 10.9 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)  Crucial in the body’s defense against disease  These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles  Able to move into and out of blood vessels on their own!(diapedesis)  Can move by ameboid motion  Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

Slide Types of Leukocytes  A. Granulocytes  Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained  Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Figure 10.4

Slide Types of Leukocytes  B. Agranulocytes  Lack visible cytoplasmic granules  Include lymphocytes and monocytes Figure 10.4

Slide Granulocytes  Neutrophils (40-70%)  Multilobed nucleus with fine granules  Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

Slide Granulocytes  Eosinophils (1-4%)  Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules  Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms

Slide Granulocytes  Basophils (0-1%)  Have histamine-containing granules  Initiate inflammation

Slide Agranulocytes  Lymphocytes (20-45%)  Nucleus fills most of the cell  Produce antibodies to protect against viruses

Slide Agranulocytes  Monocytes (4-8%)  Largest of the white blood cells  Function as macrophages  Important in fighting chronic infection Mnemonic??

Slide Platelets  Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)  Needed for the clotting process  RBC’s do not promote clotting- Platelets do!!!

Slide Hematopoiesis  Blood cell formation  Occurs in red bone marrow

Slide Undesirable Clotting  Thrombus  A clot in an unbroken blood vessel  Can be deadly in areas like the heart  Embolus  A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream  Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain and lung (pulmonary)

Slide Blood Groups and Transfusions  A. Large losses of blood have serious consequences  Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness  Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal  B. Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly  C. Transfused blood must be of the same blood group or a compatible group

Slide Human Blood Groups  A. Blood contains genetically determined proteins  B. A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system  C. Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

Slide Human Blood Groups  D. There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens  E. The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens

Slide ABO Blood Groups  A. Based on the presence or absence of two antigens  Type A  Type B  B. The lack of these antigens is called type O (for “zero”)

Slide ABO Blood Groups  C. The presence of both A and B antigens is called type AB  D. The presence of either A or B antigen is called types A and B, respectively  Summary:  i A i= A i B i= B  i A i A = A i B i B = B  i A i B = AB i i = O

Slide ABO Blood Groups  Heredity: You get 1 allele from each parent (genotype); the 2 alleles together make your blood type (phenotype)  Example: Mom is i A i, Dad is i B i i A i i B A iAiBiAiB i B i ii A ii ii i

Slide ABO Blood Groups  Example: Mom is i A i, Dad is i B i i A i i B A iAiBiAiB i B i ii A ii ii i Children: 25% AB, 25% B 25% A 25% O

Slide Rh Blood Groups  Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)  Most Americans are Rh +  Problems can occur in mixing Rh + blood into a body with Rh – blood

Slide Rh Blood Groups  Example: Mom is Rh +, Dad is Rh -+ - A +/- - Children: 100% Rh + **You must use a separate Punnett square for Rh factor (so one for ABO and one for Rh) Can you think of another possible Punnett square?

Slide Rh Dangers During Pregnancy  Danger is only when:  Mother is Rh –  Father is Rh +  Child inherits the Rh + factor Cure: Rhogam (prevents production of antibodies in mother)

Slide Rh Dangers During Pregnancy  The mismatch of an Rh – mother carrying an Rh + baby can cause problems for the unborn child  The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems  The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy  In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh + blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Slide Blood Typing  Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum  Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type  Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner  Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa