© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 1 Classify file systems, file organization, and libraries. Objective Course Weight 5%

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 2 File Systems Structure a computer uses to name, store, and organize files and folders on a hard disk, partition, or volume.  Provides a map of the clusters that a file has been stored.  Many different types, we’ll focus on those commonly used by Microsoft:  FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and exFAT

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 3 File Allocation Table (FAT) The name originates from the usage of a table which centralizes the information about which areas belong to files, are free or possibly unusable, and where each file is stored on the disk.  Rarely used today.  Max partition size: 2GB  Max file size: 2GB

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 4 FAT32 A file system that was popular during the time from Windows 98 to early Windows XP.  Still commonly found on flash devices for OS compatibility.  Max partition size: 32GB.  Max file size: 4GB.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 5 exFAT Microsoft proprietary used for mobile storage devices.  Flash drives, SDXC, MemoryStick XC  Space efficient and fast when finding files where the drives contain several thousand small files (think pictures and music).  Not all devices support it.  Max partition size: 128PB.  Max file size: limited by the volume on which it resides.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 6 NTFS Microsoft’s preferred file system since Windows  Handles small to very large hard disks.  Provides security not available on other file systems.  Reliable  Max partition size: 256TB  Max file size: limited by the size of the volume on which it resides.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 7 File System Conversion  ALWAYS BACKUP FIRST!!!  If you need to move from an older FS to a newer one there’s no need to reformat.  Can be done using the CONVERT command in command prompt.  Some conversions may destroy data that cannot be properly converted.  If possible try doing a conversion on a flash drive.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 8 32 bit vs. 64 bit  Usually these numbers refer to an operating system title.  Deals with the ability of a file system or OS to address information.  64 bit file systems can address considerably larger file and volume sizes. ***For optional information regarding 32 vs. 64 bit file systems, see the last four slides.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 9 File Organization All file systems have a most basic level that is referred to as the “root”.  In Microsoft Windows the root of each drive is represented by a letter.  The most common root location in Microsoft operating systems is C:\.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 10 Microsoft Desktop File Systems  On a Windows 7 x64 machine there are basic folders on the root of the drive that are present on all default installations.  Program Files – default application folder  Program Files (x86) – default 32 bit application folder  Users – location of user related files and folders  Windows – system file location

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 11 Navigating the File System  When navigating the file system (FS) it is helpful to understand the following terminology.  Windows Explorer – the default tool for navigating the FS.  Up a level – to move in the direction of the root  Down a level – to move away from the root, this generally takes you to a more specific file or folder.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 12 Navigating the File System  Windows Explorer’s left pane is very useful for demonstrating the FS hierarchy.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 13 Mastering File Management  In order to master file management with Windows 7 and later it is essential to understand three major topics.  File and Print Sharing  Permissions  Libraries

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 14 Sharing with Windows 7  Microsoft offers 4 ways to share files, folders, and printers with Windows 7.  HomeGroups  Public Shares  Basic Shares  Advanced Shares

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 15 HomeGroups  HomeGroups are the easy, automatic way to handle file and printer sharing in Window 7.  Once set up a on a single computer other networked computers running Windows 7 or later can join.  Shared libraries and printers become immediately visible to all HomeGroup computers.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 16 HomeGroups To understand HomeGroups, a user should first be aware that Windows 7 and later have 3 network modes.  Home  Most trusting, conducive to file and printer sharing, Network Discovery turned on by default.  Work  Network Discovery turned on but provides stricter security than Home.  Public  For networks like those offered at airports and libraries, Network Discovery turned off by default so other users can’t see your computer.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 17 HomeGroups  The Home network mode must be selected in order for HomeGroups to function.  The Network and Sharing Center in Control Panel should be the starting point for most file and printer sharing tasks.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 18 HomeGroups  The previously highlighted link brings you to the HomeGroup settings where any other necessary HomeGroup configuration tasks can be completed.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 19 Configuring HomeGroups  Windows 7 Home Basic and Starter editions can only join HomeGroups. Creating one is not possible.  PCs can be a member of only one HomeGroup at a time.  You must leave your current HomeGroup to join another.  You cannot limit access to shared items by individual user.  Anyone using a computer that is a member of the HomeGroup can access the shared content.  PCs running Vista, XP, Mac OS, or Linux require additional setup steps in order to access shared items in a HomeGroup.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 20 Other Network Sharing Types  Public  Everyone on the network has full access to the files and folders within the share.  Basic  Can limit network users to have read only access or full control.  Advanced  Add several control options to limit the sharing.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 21 Creating Shares: A Public Share  Public folders are a quick-and-easy way to share files with network users and with other users on your computer.  Public Documents  Public Music  Public Pictures  Public Videos  Public folder sharing in Windows 7 is turned off by default except on a HomeGroup.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 22 Creating Shares: A Public Share  You can’t limit which files or folders are shared in a Public folder—everything is shared.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 23 Creating Shares: A Public Share  Create a folder, open its properties, choose the Sharing tab, click the Share button.  For advanced sharing options, choose the Advanced Sharing button.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 24 Network Sharing Pro Tips  To set up basic or advanced shares make sure File Sharing and Network Discovery are turned on in the Network and Sharing Center’s advanced settings.  Advanced sharing is the best choice for protecting confidential information.  A best practice is to also turn on password-protected sharing for security purposes.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 25 Network Sharing: Mapping Drives  A mapped drive is a shortcut to a shared folder or drive on another computer across a network.  By default in Windows 7 network drive letters start at Z: and work toward A: so as to not interfere with local drives which start with A: and go toward Z:  When mapping a drive, you can select any drive letter that’s not already in use.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 26 Printer Sharing  Allows a computer to share a printer with other users on a network.  Use the Devices and Printers applet in the Start menu to manage and share printers.  To share any printer, you must ensure that “File and Printer Sharing” is turned on in the “Advanced Sharing Settings” page of the Network and Sharing Center.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 27 Permissions  Permissions are the rules applied to users and groups to limit actions they can take on shared resources (files, folders, drives, network shares, printers).  NTFS and share permissions are NOT the same.  Share permissions apply to users who connect to a shared folder over a network.  NTFS permissions apply to users who log on locally or from across a network.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 28 Share Permissions: Basic  Basic Sharing only offers two permissions settings:  Read - The "look, don't touch" option; can open, but not modify or delete.  Read/write - The "do anything" option; can open, modify, or delete a file.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 29 Share Permissions: Advanced  Advanced Share permissions offer more options than Basic such as:  The ability to limit number of users.  Rename the share.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 30 Share Permissions: Advanced

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 31 NTFS Permissions

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 32 NTFS Permissions  More complex permissions called Special Permissions exist.  The Advanced button of the Security tab must be used to access these controls.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 33 NTFS and Share Permissions Together Example Scenarios  If you're logged on locally and accessing the files directly through the local file system, the share permissions don't matter. If you're accessing the files through a share, then the share permissions apply first, then the NTFS permissions apply, so it's cumulative.  If you're denied access to a file via a share permission, but allowed in the NTFS permissions, you'll be denied when you try and access the file from the network via the share, but you will be able to access the file if you're logged on to the machine locally, and accessing the file though the drive path.  If you're denied in the NTFS permissions, you won't be able to access it via either method.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 34 Understanding Permissions: Inheritance  In a file system, a folder with subfolders is considered the “parent” folder.  Subfolders are considered “child” folders.  Setting permissions on a parent folder propagates its permissions to the new files and subfolders that are created in the folder.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 35 Understanding Permissions: Inheritance Case 1: COPY files and folders, SAME volume  The files and folders inherit permissions of the destination folder.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 36 Understanding Permissions: Inheritance Case 2: MOVE files and folders, SAME volume  The files retain the source’s permissions.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 37 Understanding Permissions: Inheritance Case 3: MOVE files and folders to a DIFFERENT volume  The files inherit the permissions of the destination folder.  A file moved from C: to E: would inherit the permissions present on E:

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 38 Understanding Permissions: Inheritance What to remember!  File and folder movement always inherit permissions from the destination with 1 exception

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 39 Inheritance and Effective Permissions  The term “effective permissions” refers to:  Permissions applied to a user or group based on group permissions and permissions inherited from the parent object.  Windows does not include share permissions as part of the effective permissions.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 40 Effective Permissions  To view the Effective Permissions, a user or group has inherited, click on the Advanced button of the Properties dialog box, then the appropriate tab.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 41 Windows Libraries  A Library is a virtual folder that can display content from different locations on your computer, an external drive, or a network location.  Libraries appear the same as ordinary folders in Windows Explorer but point to files and folders that are located elsewhere.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 42 Accessing Libraries  Open Windows Explorer to gain access to Libraries.  Windows 7 includes several default libraries:  Documents  Music  Pictures  Videos

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 43 Library Locations  Libraries can be linked to both local and networked locations.  If the default Libraries do not suffice a user may create a new library.  To add new folders or drives to your Library, click here.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 44 Libraries - Adding Locations  Clicking the Locations link brings you to a window that shows the current locations to which the Library is pointing.  To add either a local or network location simply click the “Add” button.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 45 Libraries - Adding Locations  Adding a location from here is as simple as selecting the folder or network location and choosing “Include Folder”.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 46 Libraries – Creating New  There are two methods for creating new Libraries:  Select the “New Library” button from the top action bar.  Use the Right-click context menu and select New > Library.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning 47 File Organization Summary  File Navigation  File Sharing  HomeGroups  Basic  Advanced  Drive Mapping  Print Sharing  Libraries  File Permissions  Share type Basic-2 options Advanced -3 options  NTFS type 6 options  Inheritance  Effective Permissions

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning bit vs. 64 bit (Extra Information)  We commonly use the abbreviations KB, MB, GB, and TB in computing.  These refer to 10 3, 10 6, 10 9, and respectively.  But computers do everything in binary so instead of 1000 a computer uses 1024 or 2 10.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning bit File System (Extra Information)  32 bits can be used to represent a file size or position.  Each bit has the possibility of being a 0 or 1.  Therefore, the number of bytes for a possible file size is: 232 =  If a gibibyte (GiB) = bytes = B  Then the possible file size in terms of gibibytes is: 232/10243 = B/ B = 4GiB  Therefore the largest file size possible on a 32 bit file system is 4GiB which is sometimes written 4GB.

© ExplorNet’s Centers for Quality Teaching and Learning bit File System (Extra Information)  64 bits can be used to represent a file size or position.  Each bit has the possibility of being a 0 or 1  Therefore, the number of bytes for a possible file size is: 264 =  If an exbibyte (EiB) = bytes = B  Then the possible file size in terms of exbibytes is: 264/10246 = 16EiB  Therefore the largest file size possible on a 64 bit file system is 16EiB which is sometimes written 16EB.