Solids Liquids Gases Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

What do you know about matter? Solids Liquids Gasses Plasma

Close up view of atoms and their behavior Animated images are from

Gases Indefinite shape Indefinite volume Take the shape and volume of container Particles are far apart Particles move fast Particles are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles. 4

Examples of Gases are  Steam  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Smog  Tear Gas  Helium

Check out the Following Site on Gas :Gas

Liquids Indefinite shape, definite volume Take the shape of container Particles are close together, but mobile Particles move slowly Particles have more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas (ie. It is more “fluid”.) 7

Examples of Liquids are  Orange Juice  Water  Soft drinks  Milk  Rubbing Alcohol  Vinegar

Check out the following Site on Liquids :Liquids

Solids Definite shape Definite volume Particles close together, fixed Particles move very slowly 10

Examples of Solids are  Ice  Frog  Cheese  Bricks  Wood  Popsicles

Check out the Following Site on Solids :Solids

Watch this Brainpop Movie on the States of Matter States of Matter :

Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate

We all know about: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4 th state of matter: PLASMA

Some places where plasmas are found… 1. Flames2. Lightning 3. Aurora (Northern Lights) 4. Neon lights

5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

Particles in Plasma:  Are electrically charged  Have EXTREMELY high energy levels  Plasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged.

So now we know about four states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano-degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very low temperatures. EinsteinBose +

The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995, Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

Learning Check Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas. ____ A. Has a definite volume, but shape of the container. ____ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. ____ C. Fills the volume of a container. ____ D. Particles are in a fixed structure. ____ E. Particles are close together, but mobile. 33

Solution Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas. _2_ A. Has a definite volume, but shape of the container. _3_ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. _3_ C. Fills the volume of a container. _1_ D. Particles are in a fixed structure. _2_ E. Particles are close together, but mobile. 34

& why they occur

What is a Phase Change ? Phase Change  Is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.  Heat energy is either absorbed (molecules speed up) or released (molecules slow down)  Phase changes are physical changes because: - It only affects physical appearance, not chemical make-up. - Reversible

Changing states requires energy in either the form of heat. Changing states may also be due to the change in pressure in a system. Heat of formation, H f. Heat of vaporization, H v

What is energy?  Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.

Kinetic Energy  Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion Particles with a lot of kinetic energy move fast and far apart Particles with little kinetic energy move slow & close together Particles with a lot of kinetic energy Particles with little kinetic energy

Thermal Energy  The total kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter is called thermal energy.

Temperature  Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in a substance  So… if it is-hot more kinetic energy, if cold-less kinetic energy.

Heat  The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature is called heat.

Changing states  Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is released or absorbed.  This is called a change of state.

Energy determines the state!

Add or Subtract Energy... When energy is added, particles move faster! When energy is taken away, particles move slower!

What happens during a phase change?  During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released.  Heat energy is released as molecules slow down and move closer together.  Heat energy is absorbed as molecules speed up and expand.

At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances. Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure. Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a liquid. In the liquid state, water molecules are close together, but can move about freely.

Types of Phase Changes

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy

Melting  The change from the solid state to the liquid state is melting.  The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called the melting point.  Melting is when matter absorbs thermal energy, and its temperature rises.  Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Freezing Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy

Freezing  The change from the liquid state to the solid state is called freezing.  The temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the solid state is called the freezing point.  Energy is released during freezing.  Molecules slow down, move closer together and release thermal energy.  After all of the liquid has become a solid, the temperature begins to decrease again.

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Freezing Vaporization Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy

Vaporization  The change from a liquid to a gas is known as vaporization.  It occurs at the boiling point.  Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.  The temperature of the substance does not change during vaporization.  However, the substance absorbs thermal energy.

Heat of Vaporization Amount of heat needed to change 1 gram of liquid to gas at its boiling point Boiling (Condensing) Point of Water = 100°C Heat of Vaporization (water) = 2260 J/g 55

Vaporization  Two forms of vaporization exist.  Vaporization that takes place below the surface of a liquid is called boiling.  The temperature at which a liquid boils is called the boiling point.  Vaporization that takes place at the surface of a liquid is called evaporation.  Evaporation can occur at all temperatures.

Evaporation Evaporation, which occurs at temperatures below the boiling point, explains how puddles dry up. It takes more than speed for water molecules to escape the liquid state. During evaporation, these faster molecules also must be near the surface, heading in the right direction, and they must avoid hitting other water molecules as they leave.

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Freezing Vaporization Condensation Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy

Condensation  Phase change from a gas to a liquid.  Molecules slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.  As a gas cools, its particles slow down.  When particles move slowly enough for their attractions to bring them together, droplets of liquid form.  This process, which is the opposite of vaporization, is called condensation.

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Freezing Vaporization Condensation Sublimation Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy

Sublimation  Phase change from a solid to a gas.  Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.  Some substances can change from the solid state to the gas state without ever becoming a liquid.  During this process, known as sublimation, the surface particles of the solid gain enough energy to become a gas.

State Change Pyramid Solid Gas Liquid Melting Freezing Vaporization Condensation Sublimation Absorbing thermal energy Releasing thermal energy Deposition

 Phase change from a gas to a solid.  Molecules slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

Graphs

Graphing a Phase Change

Melting & Boiling Points  Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.  Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.  What is a Freezing point? Compare the freezing and melting points of water.

Graphing a Phase Change  Why is there no change in temperature during a phase change?  Define melting and boiling points.  What is the melting point and boiling point of water?  At what temperature does water freeze and become a solid?