Mrs. Stoffl

Objectives  Assess how whites created segregation in the South and how African Americans responded  Analyze efforts to limit immigration and the effects.  Compare the situations of Mexican American and of women to those of other groups.

African Americans Lose Freedoms  Jim Crow laws  Failure of Reconstruction and Democrats return to power in the South  15 th Amendment: The gov’t cannot discriminate by “race, color or previous conditions of servitude” for right to vote How did Southerners get around this?  Grandfather clauses: Vote if an ancestor had voted prior to 1866 Blacks were slaves prior to 1866 Poor whites could vote

Stifled at the Polls  All white primaries to elect candidates  Terror at the polls  Number of black voters in LA: 1894 – 130, – 1, – 3% of blacks in the South could vote

New Laws Force Segregation  Some Southerners initially opposed the Jim Crow segregation on the grounds of convenience.  Jim Crow railroad cars, waiting stations, jury boxes, Bibles, cemeteries, restaurants, parks, beaches hospitals…  In the North: De Facto segregation Restrictions on housing and work

Supreme Court Ruling Supports Jim Crow  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Jim Crow laws constitutional on the basis of “separate but equal”  But…$14/white study $3 for black student in 1915

African Americans Respond  “Never return back”  Organized into groups Strength Support Share ideas and organize thoughts

Booker T. Washington  Blacks should not focus on ending Jim Crow or segregation  Focus on improving their social positions Build up economic resources “Pull themselves up from their bootstraps.” Open businesses, become educated, learn job skills  Tuskegee Institute – “industrial education,” vocational education This education would prepare blacks to exercise the privileges of citizenship

W.E.B. DuBois  Criticized Washington’s willingness to accept & accommodate Southern whites  Argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality  Voting rights were not a privilege that needed to be earned, they should be freely allowed  Burden of achieving equality should not be the sole responsibility of blacks alone

Ida B. Wells  She had purchased a first-class ticket, and the conductor ordered her to sit in the Jim Crow section Which did not offer first-class accommodations.  She refused, the conductor tried to remove her, she "fastened her teeth on the back of his hand."  Wells was ejected from the train, and she sued. She won her case in a lower court, but the decision was reversed in an appeals court.

Ida B. Wells  Co-Owned a newspaper, Free Speech in Memphis, TN  Condemned the mistreatment of blacks  Directly attacked the practice of lynching and was forced out of town Wrote 3 additional pamphlets regarding the horrors and terror of lynching, or legalized murder

Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination  1879 – CA made it illegal to hire people of Chinese descent  Segregated schools for Chinese students  White mobs attacked Chinese for “taking” jobs  ∴ Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act  Yick Wo v Hopkins (1886) Sup. Ct. sided w/a Chinese immigrant who challenged a CA law that banned him from owning a laundry business

Mexican Americans Struggle in the West  Land was the problem…Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  protected land of Mexican Americans who lived in the Southwest after the Mex-Am war 4/5 still lost their land  Why? Burden of proof put on the Mex-Am’s if disputed b/w them and an American Santa Fe Ring: political group of whites that got the gov’t give them a land grant where 1,000s of Mex- Am lived The area was a territory, not a state, therefore no representation in DC to challenge the deal

Mexican Americans Fight Back  Las Gorras Blancas – fought back by burning homes and cutting barbed wire of white landowners “Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless class” Supported by the Knights of Labor who helped publicize the problem  Alianza Hispano-Americana Formed in 1894 to protect culture, legal rights, and interests of the Mex-Am.

Women Make Gains and Suffer Setbacks  Right to Vote Susan B. Anthony wondering what happened to women after the passage of the 14 th & 15 th Amendments ○ Betrayed by Radical Republicans National Women’s Suffrage Association ○ Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton ○ Sought a Constitutional Amendment ○ Anthony voted and was tried + convicted

Step in the Right Direction  Increase in the # of women attending college (1/3 rd by 1900)  Role in temperance Women’s Christian Temperance Union ○ Frances Willard  argued that women needed the vote to ban the sale of alcohol Public health and welfare reform

Exit Slip – The Sunny South