NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS Laboratorium Teknik Informatika – Universitas Gunadarma Stefanus Vlado Adi Kristanto Version 1.3

Internetworking What is an internetwork? An internetwork is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that functions as a single large network. Internetworking refers to the industry, products, and procedures that meet the challenge of creating and administering internetworks.

Internetworking Basic

Networking History  1957 : ARPA is created by DoD  1970 : ALOHANET is developed by University of Hawaii  1982 : ISO releases OSI Model  1983 : TCP/IP becomes the universal language of the Internet  1984 : CISCO System founded; gateway and router development begins  1990 : ARPANET becomes Internet  1991 : Tim Berners-Lee develops code for WWW

Data Networks

Simple Network

Topology

Networking History  A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at both ends. All the hosts connect directly to this backbone.  A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the first. This creates a physical ring of cable.  A star topology connects all cables to a central point of concentration.  An extended star topology links individual stars together by connecting the hubs and/or switches. This topology can extend the scope and coverage of the network.

Networking History  A hierarchical topology is similar to an extended star. However, instead of linking the hubs and/or switches together, the system is linked to a computer that controls the traffic on the topology  A mesh topology is implemented to provide as much protection as possible from interruption of service. The use of a mesh topology in the networked control systems of a nuclear power plant would be an excellent example. As seen in the graphic, each host has its own connections to all other hosts. Although the Internet has multiple paths to any one location, it does not adopt the full mesh topology.

Bus and Tree Topology

Star Topology  Center: hub, repeater, or concentrator  Typically used in both Ethernet and Token Ring  5 to 100+ devices

Ring Topology  Repeaters at each component  Unidirectional transmission links  Closed loop  Typically used in FDDI Networks

LAN and WAN Devices

LANs and LAN Devices  Operate within a limited geographic area  Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media  Control the network privately under local administration  Provide full-time connectivity to local services  Connect Physically adjacent devices LANs are designed to: Using:

WANs and WAN Devices  Operate over a large geographic area  Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds  Provide full-time and part-time connectivity  Connect devices separated over wide, even global ares LANs are designed to: Using:

Network Interface Card (NIC) A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuit board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a personal computer.

Bandwidth

What is a bandwidth? Bandwidth has been defined as the amount of information that can flow through a network in a given time. The idea that information flows suggests two analogies that may make it easier to visualize bandwidth in a network. Since both water and traffic are said to flow, consider the following analogies:  Bandwidth is like the width of a pipe.  Bandwidth is like the number of lanes on a highway

Bandwidth Analogies  Bandwidth is like the width of a pipe.  Bandwidth is like the number of lanes on a highway

Units of Bandwidth In digital systems, the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per second (bps)

Maximum Bandwidths and Length Limitation

Networking Media

Coaxial Cable  Speed and throughtput Mbps  Average $ per node: Inexpensive  Media and connector size: Medium  Maximum cable length: 500 m

Shielded Twisted Pair  Speed and throughtput Mbps  Average $ per node: Moderately Expensive  Media and connector size: Medium to Large  Maximum cable length: 100 m

Unshielded Twisted Pair  Speed and throughtput Mbps  Average $ per node: Least expensive  Media and connector size: Small  Maximum cable length: 100 m

Fiber Optics  Speed and throughtput 100+ Mbps  Average $ per node: Most expensive  Media and connector size: Small  Maximum cable length: up to 2 km

Cable Specification

MediaBandwidthDistance 10Base Mbps185m 10Base Mbps500m 10BaseT10Mbps100m 100BaseTX100Mbps100m 100Base-FX100Mbps2000m 1000Base-LX1000Mbps3000m

CABLING

Media

Ethernet Standard

Straight-Through Cables  Switch to Router  Switch to PC or Server  Hub to PC or server

Crossover Cables  Switch to Switch  Switch to Hub  Hub to Hub  Router to Router  PC to PC  Router to PC

Rollover Cable  PC to Router (Console Cable)

Wire Connection

Step by Step Making Straight-Through Cable

End of Slides Laboratorium Teknik Informatika – Universitas Gunadarma Stefanus Vlado Adi Kristanto