A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type (DCT) Graphics Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH To download papers on DCTs, click CONTENTS PART A. Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physical Assault 2. Injured Partner 3. Sexually Coerced 4. Psychological Aggression 5. Other Maladaptive Behavior 6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization PART B. Correlates Of Being In each DCT 1. Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems 2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

Downloadable Papers On Dyadic Concordance Types - General Straus, M. A. (2014). A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type (DCT) Graphics. Unpublished Manuscript. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Straus. M.A. (in press) Dyadic Concordance and Discordance in Family Violence: A Powerful and Practical Approach to Research and Practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior. Straus, M. A. (2014). Bringing couple-level measures and family contradictions into research through dyadic concordance types. Unpublished Manuscript. Durham, NH: Family Research Laboratory. Specific Emperical Studies Straus, M. A. (2014). Practical ways to conduct international partner violence research using Dyadic analysis. NCFR Report Magazine: Family Focus on International Intimate Partner Violence, Fall, 1-4. Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression And Its Relation to Physical Assault Of Dating Partners By Male And Female University Students In 32 Nations. Paper presented at the European Society of Criminology, Prague. Michel-Smith, Yahayra, & Straus, Murray (2014). Dyadic Patterns of Perpetration of Physical Assault and Injury of Dating Partners By Male and Female University Students in 32 Nations. Paper presented at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden. Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, Severity, And Chronicity Of Violence By Father-only, Mother-only, And Mutually Violent Parents As Reported By University Students In 15 Nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), Doi: /J.Chiabu Straus, Murray A. (2013, November). Relation of Corporal Punishment By Father-Only, Mother-Only, And Both Parents To Crime by University Students In 15 Nations. Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology, Atlanta. Straus, Murray A, & Michel-Smith, Yahayra (2012). Relation Of Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations To Student Criminogenic Beliefs And Crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November, Straus, M. A., & Winstok, Z.. (2013). Relation of Dyadic Concordance-Discordance Types of Partner Violence to Depression of Male and Female University Students in 15 Nations. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, New York. Winstok, Z. & Straus, M. A. (2014). Gender Differences in the Link between Intimate Partner Physical Violence and Depression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, doi: /j.avb

PART A Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physically Assaulted Partner

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) 4 Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), Couple prevalence of assault in past year according to Men 21% Women 23%

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) 5 Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), Couple prevalence of assault in past year according to Men 6% Women 8%

% Figure 1. Concordance In Partner Assault Perpetration As Reported By 3,642 Men And Women In The World Mental Health Study 6 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 22% Females 22% Miller, E., Breslau, J., Petukhova, M., Fayyad, J., Green, J. G., Kola, L., Kessler, R. C. (2011). Premarital mental disorders and physical violence in marriage: cross-national study of married couples. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(4), doi: /bjp.bp Dyadic Concordance Type

7 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: /j.chiabu Couple Prevalence: 14% Note: Data for parents as reported by students Concordance In Assault Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations * 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10 * Among this 14%: Predominant pattern was Both-Violent. Next was Father-Only, Mother-Only almost as high Same as slide 11

Dyadic Concordance for Any & Severe Assault, 1,157 University Student Couples Comparison CTS Short-Form and Full CTS2 8 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31% ANY ASSAULTSEVERE ASSAULT *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 6% Full Form: 12%

Male Only Female Only Both IT Dyadic Concordance Types Dyadic Concordance In Intimate Terrorism Dating Relationships Of University Students in 32 Nations 9 Straus, Muray A., & Gozjolko, Kristi L. (2013). Dyadic Analysis Of “Intimate Terrorism” and the Theoretical, Methodological, And Empirical Adequacy Of Johnson’s Typology. Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology, 19 November 2014, San Francisco.  Intimate Terrorist Prevalence Men 8% Women10% Couples 10%  Gender Of Participant: Stats by gender used data provided by participants of that gender (2) Stats in chart based on combined sample because (3) No significant difference between % Male-Only, Female-Only, and Both IT when estimated using data from men and women. % of the 10% of Couples With Either Or Both Intimate Terrorist

2. Injured Partner

Any Injury Perpetrated Medical Treatment Needed % Dyadic Concordance In Injury 180 Couples In Military Treatment Program For Domestic Violence 11 Cantos, Arthur L., Neidig, Peter H., & O'Leary, K Daniel. (1994). Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), Couple Injury Prevalence 65%

% Dyadic Concordance Types for Injury As Reported By Men And Women Age (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health N=4,795) 12 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 4% Females: 4% Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence and the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), doi: / Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault Dyadic Concordance Types Type

% Dyadic Concordance In Injury Among 481 University Student Couples 13 Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence & Victims, 18(2), Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 11% Females: 9% Dyadic Concordance Types Type

3. Sexual Coercion

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance In Past Year Sexual Coercion Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities 15 Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 23% Women: 19%

Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion As Reported By 2016 Spanish High School Students 16 Fernández-González, L., O’Leary, K. D., & Muñoz-Rivas, M. J. (2014). Age-Related Changes in Dating Aggression in Spanish High School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), doi: / dy Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August Prevalence Men= 27% Women= 11%

% Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion Among 194 Beijing China Couples 17 Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), doi: /s Couple Prevalence: 24% Dyadic Concordance Type

18 % Dyadic Concordance Type Male Reports Female Reports Winstok, Zeev. (2014). Gender, Deprivation of Sex in Intimate Relationships and Partner Violence. Center for the Study of Society, University of Haifa, Israel. Dyadic Concordance In Depriving Partner Of Sex As Reported By Male and Female Partners In 74 Israeli Couples Couple Prevalence Females: 61% Males: 73% Bars show who did it when there was sex deprivation

Short Form Full Form % Dyadic Concordance In Any Sexual Coercion By 1,157 University Students Comparison of CTS Short-Form with Full CTS2 19 Prevalence Short: 13% Full: 20% Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19:

4. Psychological Aggression Against Partner

% Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression Among 194 Beijing China Couples 21 Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), doi: /s Couple Prevalence: 55% Dyadic Concordance Type

22 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Couple Prevalence: 62% Dyadic Concordance In Frequent Psychological Aggression (50 th & 80 th Percentile) by 6,002 Couples in 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Couple Prevalence: 17% 50th Percentile Male Female

% Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression By 202 Couples In First Year Of Marriage 23 Prevalence 36% Prevalence and DTs used data provided by partner who reported a greater frequency of psychological aggression Cut point for Psychological Aggression: 3 or more times in past year Panuzio, J., & DiLillo, D. (2010). Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), doi: /s

5. Other Types Of Maladaptive Behavior

25 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Dyadic Concordance Types For Drunkenness (Any & 3 +) in Past Year 6,002 Couples in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types Type RespondentsMaleFemale Any Drunkenness Couple Prevalence: 34% %

26 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Couple Prevalence: 13% Dyadic Concordance Types For Non-Family Assault 6,002 Couples in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types

% Dyadic Concordance In Low Social Participation By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 27 Prevalence 62% Mother-father r-=.63 Lows social Participation-Degree of participation of respondent in formal and informal social relationships. Example: About how many times in the past year have you attended meetings or affairs of any local organizations, societies or clubs? , , , , 4. none. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization

% Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Affection To Them As Recalled By 2, Year Old Individuals 29  Prevalence Affection by one or the other parent: 83%  Chart shows which parent did it. Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), doi:

Male Students Female Students % Concordance In Rejection By Parents, At Or Above 60 th Percentile As Reported By University Students In 15 Nations 30 Unpublished data from International Parenting Study. Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), doi: /j.chiabu Prevalence of childhood rejection of Men: 53% Women: 57% The high rate is because child was classified as rejected if either parent’s rejection score was at or above 60 th percentile. The bars indicate the % of that subgroup in each type

31 Concordance Between Parents in Corporal Punishment At Age 10 of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408) % Of Families Straus, M.A. Crime by University Students In 15 Nations: Links To Spanking And Positive Parenting At Age 10 By Father, Mother, And Both Parents. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. 22 November, 2013 DT-CP 02

% Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, Spanked in past month: 65% Concordance Between Parents In Spanking 3 Year Old Children in The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=1,997) Dyadic Concordance Type

% Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Dependency By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 33 Percent of children experiencing high punishment: 72% Mother-Father r= -.04 Punishment for Dependency-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agent when child asks for help. Ex- ample: What do you usually do when NAME asks for help? (Each response was rated by three Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32:

PART B Correlates of Being In each Dyadic Concordance Type 1.Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems

WHO Depression Scale Percentile Fig. Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408) 35 Dyadic Concordance Type MEN WOMEN  No Violence: Women higher in depression than men  Among Victims: Women victims higher in depression than male victims  Among Perpetrators: Male perpetrators higher in depression than female  Both Assault, i.e. both are victims and also perpetrators: Men higher in depression Straus, Muray A., & Winstok, Zeev. (2013). Relation of Dyadic Concordance-Discordance Types of Partner Violence to Depression of Male and Female University Students in 15 Nations. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, New York. Dyadic Concordance Type

Depression Re 36 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Couple Concordance In Assault To Depression Of 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

Depressive symptoms Relation Of Concordance In Abuse Of Partner* To Depression At Previous Interview 37 Dyadic Concordance Type Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), doi: /j.chiabu * Abuse=one or more times: Threatened assault Assault Insisted on sex Injured partner Men Women Depression mean Abused partner % 43% 50% MEN WOMEN

Poor Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Lifetime Sexual Coercion To Poor Mental Health Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities) 38 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s

2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

Both Parents Assaulted Dyadic Concordance Type Is Associated With The Highest Probability Of The Child Later Assaulting A Partner, Mother-Only Second Highest, and Father Only Lowest Increase In Probability Dyadic Concordance In Assault Between Parents At Time 1 Percent Increase in Probability Of Assaulting Current Partner Fehringer, J. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). Like Parent, Like Child: Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), doi: /j.jadohealth

41 Rejection As A Child: Relation Of Concordance Between Parents To Criminal Beliefs Of University Students In 15 Nations % with high score on Criminal Beliefs scale Male students are more likely to have criminal beliefs Effect of rejection is greater for men than for women Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same boys Example of Criminal Beliefs scale question: It is ok to buy something you knew was stolen Dyadic Concordance Types of Parental Rejection * *Rejection measured as scores at above 60 th percentile MEN WOMEN Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), doi: /j.chiabu

% Who Assault ed Dating Partner (Any Assault) The Dyadic Type Make A Difference In the Probability Of Intergenerational Transmission 42 Dyadic Concordance Type MEN WOMEN Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2012). Relation of violence between parents of university students in 15 nations to student criminogenic beliefs and crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November,  Both-Assault type: Higest intergenerational transmission  Other studies seem to show that it is the Father-Only type because that is the only type studies  Sex of parent by sex of child” effect: For boys, Father- Only more associated with assaulting a partner than Mother- Only DT For girls, mother- only more associated with assaulting a dating partner

% Violence Between Parents Is Associated With Child Hitting Parents, Especially Mothers, and specially If Mother Was the Only Parent Who Assaulted 43 Dyadic Type Of Assault Between Parents Hit Father Hit Mother Ulman, A., & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), Fig 3, p. 53

In Past Year Relation Of Witnessing Assault Between Parents Early in Adolescence to Non-Family Crime When An Adult 44 Dyadic Concordance Type Assaults by Men Arrests  Both-Violent is most criminogenic  When only one parent assaulted: Assaults by men: Mother- Only & Father- Only had similar effects Arrests: Father- Only more criminogenic than Mother- Only Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp ). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories.