Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation modified by S. Mendoza 8/2014

Essential Concepts of A & P Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.Complementarity of Structure & Function 2.Hierarchy of structural organization 3.Homeostasis

Overview of A & P Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

1. Principle of Complementarity of Structure & Function

Can be stated as Structure determines Function Think of some body examples & discuss them !!

2. Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Memorize the order Slide 1.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

Understand this! Physiology often focuses on the cellular & biochemical levels because: a. What a body can do depends on the operation of its individual cells and; b. What cells can do ultimately depends on the chemical reactions that go on within them. Disease processes begin at these levels.

3. Maintaining Homeostasis Homeostasis: State of balance Constantly adjusting to maintain the ranges necessary for life

Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Boundaries Internal environment remains separate from external Main system - Integumentary Movement Locomotion &Movement of substances Muscular system aided by skeletal

Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Responsiveness (Irritability) Ability to sense changes and react to stimuli Nervous system Digestion Break-down of macromolecules - Requires oxygen Digestive system

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (requires oxygen) Regulated by endocrine system, depends on several systems Anabolic (anabolism) –reactions that build Catabolic (catabolism) – reactions that break down

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Excretion Elimination of waste from reactions due to digestion & metabolism Digestive (solid waste), Excretory/urinary (liquid waste) Respiratory system (gaseous waste)

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Reproductive system regulated mainly by endocrine system Growth Hypertrophy – growth due to increase in SIZE of cells Hyperplasia – growth due to increase in NUMBER of cells Increase in amount of EC matrix between cells (example: bone growth)

Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for oxidative chemical reactions such as making ATP

Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature for correct reaction rates Atmospheric pressure necessary for respiratory system function

Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment which remains within certain physiological limits= a dynamic state of equilibrium ( Affected by : age, health, nutrition, pathological situation) Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Body Fluids For the body cells to survive, the composition of surrounding body fluids must be precisely maintained. INTRACELLULAR fluid (ICF) is fluid within the cells EXTRACELLULAR fluid is fluid outside body cells ECF filling the spaces in between cells is called INTERCELLULAR/INTERSTITIAL/TISSUE fluid ECF in blood vessels is called PLASMA. ECF that is filtered through the lymphatic vessels is called LYMPH.

Two Main Communication Systems Nervous system Rapid response Short duration Uses electrical signals delivered by nerves Endocrine system Slower response Longer duration Uses bloodborne hormones

Disease/Disorders Local disease = affects limited area of body Systemic disease = affects entire body or several parts Signs = objective changes that can be observed/measured (fever, rash, etc) Symptoms = subjective changes that cannot be observed (headache, nausea)

Control Mechanisms

Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Include most homeostatic control mechanisms that require continuous adjustment Define: Reverses the original stimulus to return the body to homeostasis Examples: breathing rate, blood glucose levels, heart rate, body temp, etc.

Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive feedback Define: Enhances the original stimulus to push the variable farther from the homeostatic value – episodic events Blood clotting and childbirth are the most familiar examples: but can also be the result of a disease process

The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Anatomical Position – body erect, arms hanging at side of body, palms forward This is the reference point by which all locational/directional terms are described.

Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Planes/Sections – Pictures on next slide Sagittal Midsagittal (median) Parasagittal Frontal/Coronal Transverse Oblique Discuss why these are important & sketch examples of them into your notes on the Pillsbury Doughboy!

Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5a

Serous Membranes Parietal = outer Visceral = inner Pericardium Peritoneum Pleura Practice Naming of Serous Membranes

Serous membranes