Welcome to the Human Body! Orientation and Directional Terms Unit 1 Objectives: 1.Possess a basic understanding of the organ systems of the human body 2.Be able to explain how organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis 3.Be able to describe the human body using universal directional terms (including regions, planes, cavities) 4.Be able to identify the bones of the human skull and describe the differences between the skull of a newborn and an adult

Medical Terminology Medical Terminology

Pneumothorax??

Answers Carditis: heart inflammation Cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscle Echocardiography: taking pictures of the heart using sonic waves Colitis: inflammation of large intestine Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver Gastritis: inflammation of stomach Nephrectomy: Kidney removal Transesophogeal echocardiogram: Pneumothorax: ??

New crazy words Hyperneurocyanosis Osteobiflex Oculointerstomy Macrorhinotomy Endovenosis Tachycardiogram Pericardectomy Macroleukotosis

The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview Integumentary –Forms the external body covering –Protects deeper tissue from injury –Synthesizes vitamin D –Location of cutaneous (skin) nerve receptors

Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview Skeletal –Protects and supports body organs –Provides muscle attachment for movement –Site of blood cell formation –Stores minerals

Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview Muscular –Allows for locomotion (movement) –Maintains posture –Produces heat –Pumps the heart and helps move fluid

Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview Nervous –Fast-acting control system –Responds to internal and external change –Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview Endocrine –Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview Cardiovascular –Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System Overview Lymphatic –Returns fluids to blood vessels –Disposes of debris –Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview Respiratory –Keeps blood supplied with oxygen –Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview Digestive –Breaks down food –Allows for nutrient absorption into blood –Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview Urinary –Eliminates nitrogenous wastes –Maintains acid – base balance –Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview Reproductive –Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement –Locomotion –Movement of substances Responsiveness –Ability to sense changes and react Digestion –Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body –Production of energy –Making body structures Excretion –Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction –Production of future generation Growth –Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients –Chemicals for energy and cell building –Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen –Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Water –60–80% of body weight –Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems –Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center –Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response –Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: –Position –Direction –Regions –Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks Anterior Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks Posterior Figure 1.5b

Body Planes Figure 1.6

Body Cavities Figure 1.7

The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts –Skull –Vertebral column –Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6

The Skull Two sets of bones –Cranium –Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures (immovable joints) Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

The Skull Figure 5.7

Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11

Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8

Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9

The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull Fontanels – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones –Allow the brain to grow –Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13

References Content provided by Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Written by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University