Asia between the Wars China and Japan

China Qing(Manchu) dynasty falls Republic Set up Sun Yixian(Sun Yat Sen) President 3 Principles of the People - Nationalism- Free China From Foreigners - Democracy -Livelihood- Economic security for all Sun steps down Yuan Shih-Kai becomes president Sun hoped Yuan could restore order

Within a year, Yüan outlawed Sun and the Kuomintang, dissolved parliament Yuan assumed dictatorial control of China proclaimed himself emperor Rebellion in the southern provinces forced him to give up authority in April He died two months later Japan wants to make China a protectorate Japan given control of German colonies in China- due to Soviet threat Chines Nationalists upset- government “sold out”

May 4, May 4th movement Student protest Boycott Japanese goods Reform movement to strengthen China Imperialism blamed for China’s weaknesses Learn from west to end domination Turn to west to solve problems Marxism on rise in China Soviet willing to help and train students & military Make them the Vanguard(elite leaders) of Communist Revolution By 1920’s small group form Communist Party

1921- Sun Yixian & Kuomintang(Nationalist Party) Establish government in South China Look for help from the west- Ignored Soviets help- send $$, equipment, advisers In return- small group of Communists allowed to have a part in government 1925 Sun dies Chiang Kai Shek(Jiang Jieshi) succeeds him Chiang doesn’t want democracy or communism Wants China under nationalist rule Marches north to crush warlords destroys communists along the way

April Civil War begins Communists slaughtered, but not all killed Mao Zedong(Mao Tse Tung) escapes Mao has a different view of communism Not urban but peasant masses Organizes peasants in Southeast China Offers schools, healthcare, redistributes land Long March Mao and 100,000 followers flee from nationalists Over next year- 6,000 miles across all terrain in all kinds of weather 20,000 survive- Symbolic of fight and determination

Mao called for strict discipline and 3 rules on March -Obey orders -do not take a simple needle or thread from the people -Turn in everything you capture He called for his people to be polite to the peasants they had to pay for anything they took Avoid crop damage People welcomed the communists When the March ended- they set up in North China They regrouped and built a new strategy

Japan invades Japanese invaded Manchuria set up a puppet government Manchukuo(Manzhouguo) with Henry Pu Yi- as Emperor K’ang Te Nationalists and Communists stop fighting Join forces against Japanese Japan took Beijing and Guangzhou Set up a puppet government in Nanking and plundered the city of Nanking(Rape of Nanking)

Empire of the Rising Sun 1920’s Japan begins to move toward democracy Political parties gain strength Diet- Japanese Parliament During WWI -economy grew Exports to Allies increased Japan expanded into Asia Zaibatsu(business leaders) begin to influence parties through donations Push for more international trade At same time Japan agrees to limit navy

1922- Washington Naval Conference- US, Brit., Fr Economy begins to slow down in the 1920’s Socialism grows- Socialists being elected to Diet Young people begin to revolt against tradition Western fashion and ideas become popular tensions in government over corruption and western influence grow 1929 Great Depression hits Japan hard Trade suffered, Unemployment rose, Peasants starve Ultranationalism grows Racial policies in Us, Canada, Australia outrage Japanese nationalist

Demand for expansion grows Raw materials needed for industry Growing population needs and outlet Manchuria -heavy in natural resources already heavily invested by Japanese business Japanese military blow up a Japanese railroad Blame the Chinese claiming self defense they attack Chinese forces Set up a puppet government called Manchukuo Condemned by League of Nation Japan withdraws, taking effect in 1935

Military begins to grow with public backing Policy of expansion and aggression takes hold Politicians and business leaders who oppose are assassinated Most democratic freedoms are ended Socialists are persecuted Revival of ancient warrior values Cult built around the Emperor- descended from Sun goddess Students taught nationalist message in schools “The Way of the Emperor’s Subjects” renounces western ideas and taught obedience to emperor

Took advantage of China’s civil war invade China Expected to complete conquest in 2 years Caught heavy resistance in Shanghai As a result of the Shanghai battle the Japanese wanted to teach the Chinese a lesson Invade capital city of Nanking(Nanjing) Rape of Nanking- Japanese kill, rape, torture over 300,000 people Military has most control of policies and government officials allow it By 1939 Japan -alliance with Germany and Italy