Digestive Physiology of Farm Animals

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Presentation transcript:

Digestive Physiology of Farm Animals Dr. Richard Coffey Introduction to Animal and Food Sciences Agent In-Service

Introduction Digestive system = portal for nutrients to gain access to circulatory system. Foodstuffs broken down to very simple molecules. Resulting sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, etc. then transported across GI tract lining into blood. Specific foodstuffs animals can utilize is dependent on: Their type of digestive system

Introduction Three (3) basic types of digestive systems: Monogastric – simple stomach. Ruminant (cranial fermentor) – multi-compartmented stomach. Hind gut (caudal) fermentor – simple stomach, but large and complex large intestine cecum

Types of Digestive Systems Hind Gut Fermentors Monogastrics Ruminants Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Chickens Pigs Horses Sheep Goats Dogs Turkeys Rabbits Ostrich Deer Cats

Basic Functional Anatomy of the Ruminant Digestive System Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, and large intestine have functions similar to monogastrics.

Organs of the Digestive System Mouth Mastication - Mechanical breakdown of feed by chewing (reduced particle size, increases surface for enzyme action). Saliva added as lubricant, in some species, contains amylase (salivary amylase) to begin starch digestion. Esophagus Tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. Peristalsis

Organs of the Digestive System Stomach Enzymatic digestion of proteins begins. Foodstuffs reduced to liquid form. Chyme passes to small intestine. Liver Center of metabolic activity in the body. Major role provide bile salts to small intestine (needed for digestion and absorption of fats).

Organs of the Digestive System Pancreas Provides potent mix of digestive enzymes to small intestine - helps in digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Small Intestine 3 sections – duodenum, jejunum, ileum Site of final stages of chemical enzymatic digestion. Where most nutrients are absorbed.

Organs of the Digestive System Large Intestine 3 sections – cecum, colon, rectum Site of water absorption from G.I. tract. Bacterial fermentation occurs (production and absorption of volatile fatty acids – source of energy). Somewhat limited in monogastrics Feces formed.

Basic Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System – Ruminants –

Digestive Tract – Cattle Esophagus Rumen Omasum Reticulum Abomasum Pancreas Liver Gall bladder Cecum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

Organs of the Digestive System – Ruminants – Stomach Major difference between monogastrics and ruminants. Multi-compartmented stomach – rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum. Esophageal groove in calves… milk to abomasum

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen: Large, anaerobic fermentation vat. Nickname Paunch Rumen Capacity Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons 55-60 gallons Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons 5-10 gallons

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen (continued): Houses microorganisms. Protozoa – 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid. Bacteria/fungi – 100 million per gram of rumen fluid. Functions of microorganisms. Digest roughages to make Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA’s), make microbial protein, and make vitamins K and B-complex. VFA’s absorbed in rumen.

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen (continued): Lined with millions of papillae (short projections on wall of rumen) needed for absorption. “Shag carpet” appearance

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumen (continued): Rumen saturated with gases and in constant motion. Contractions occur at a rate of 1-3 per minute. Serve to mix contents, aid in eructation of gases, and move fluid and fermented feedstuffs into omasum. Taken from “Digestive Physiology of Herbivores” http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Rumination: Ruminants are “cud chewing”. Rumination involves: Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into the mouth by reverse peristalsis. Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and reswallowed. Bolus is rechewed and reswallowed. Rumination may occupy about 1/3 of a ruminant’s day

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Eructation (belching): Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates enormous quantities of gas. 30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle. 5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats. Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation gases: Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be life threatening. Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.

Bloating

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Reticulum: Contains microorganisms (like the rumen). Provides additional area for fermentation. As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense material is pushed into the reticulum (from which it along with microbe-laden liquid is ejected into the omasum).

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Reticulum (continued): Lining has a honeycomb structure. Catches and holds hardware consumed by animal. Hardware can be removed(?) with rumen magnet. Located near Heart

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Omasum: A heavy, hard organ with a lining that has many folds (leaves). Function not well understood. Believed to produce grinding action on foodstuffs. May absorb residual VFA’s and bicarbonate.

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach Abomasum: True, glandular stomach. Secretes acids and functions very similarly to monogastric stomach. Unique feature is that it secretes lysozyme. Enzyme that efficiently breaks down bacterial cell walls. Needed to break down large quantities of bacteria from rumen so bacteria can be absorbed for protein.

Summary There are three (3) basic types of digestive systems in farm animal species. Monogastric Ruminant (cranial fermentor) Hind gut (caudal fermentor) The type of digestive system influences the dietary foodstuffs the animal can effectively utilize.

Digestive System Comparisons Function Monogastric Ruminants Hind Gut Fermentors Digest and extract energy from cellulose Very limited (large intestine) Yes (rumen/reticulum) Utilize dietary sugar sources directly (absorbed as glucose) No (fermented to VFA’s) Utilize protein from feeds directly Limited (most converted to microbial protein) Utilize fat from feeds directly Some (most fermented to VFA’s) Utilize microbial protein (60-80% of AA from microbes)

Digestive Tract Capacities Sheep/Goats Cattle Swine Horses Rumen 5-10 gal 55-60 gal ---- Reticulum 1.5 qt 3-4 gal Omasum 1 pt 1-2 gal Abomasum Stomach 2 gal 2-3 gal Small intestine 2.5 gal 17-18 gal 12-15 gal Small intestine length 85-90 ft 130 ft 60 ft 70 ft Large intestine 1.5 gal 10 gal 3 gal 30-35 gal