Passive Components and How They are Characterized Blaine Davidge Westell 4/8/161Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

WESTELL Based in Manchester, NH Engineering in-building products since employees Acquired Cellular Specialties, Inc March 2014 First to introduce in-building based digital repeater capable of passing all of the wireless service provider spectrum requirements. Repeaters, BDA’s and DIU’s are Proudly Made &/or Built in the USA 4/8/162 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Agenda Old school connecting and combining What got us here? Passive components (reciprocal w/no notion of input or output) Passive Conditioning=> Fiber DAS (DIU overview) Less Necessary Now as Lower Power Systems Don’t Need as Much Conditioning and Subsystem Support 4/8/163 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

We’ll start by reviewing the parts – Remote/Local signal control & alarming 4/8/164 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

End with same in DAS Conditioner (schematic) 4/8/165 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Definitions Insertion loss (Transmission loss) - is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB). Return loss - is the loss of signal power resulting from the reflection caused at a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in in decibels (dB). VSWR - voltage standing wave ratio – Used as an efficiency measure for transmission lines, encompassing the passive components, antennas and electrical cables that conduct radio frequency signals. It measures the relative size of the radio wave reflections caused by impedance mismatches in the line. PIM - occurs in passive devices (which may include cables, antennas etc.) that are subjected to two or more high power tones. The PIM product is the result of the two (or more) high power tones (Tx & Rx) mixing at device nonlinearities such as junctions of dissimilar metals, metal-oxide junctions and even loose connectors. Power rating - is a guideline set by the manufacturer as a maximum power to be used with that device. This limit is usually set somewhat lower than the level where the device will be damaged, to allow a margin of safety. Connector types: N, SMA, QMA, DIN. DIN has best PIM rating. 4/8/166 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

VSWR vs Return Loss VSWRReturn Loss (dB)Trans. Loss (dB) /8/167 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Noise created internally (in uplink) from adjacent band interference Also from external broadband noise (external environment) Very problematic, and can contribute to: – Drop calls – Block channels – Reduce cell coverage – Reduce cell capacity – Reduce data throughput Today’s improved radio sensitivity makes PIM energy more visible 4/8/168 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

What Creates PIM? Ferromagnetic effect from hard metals (iron, steel, nickel) Squaring effect of current density as power increases: P=I²R More visible as power increases above 10W radio power Corrosion and oxidation (diode effect) Loose connectors Dirt at connector junctions Cold climate, moisture and wind, etc. 4/8/169 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

PIM Sources RF connectors Combiner/Splitter Directional couplers Antenna Multi-band combiners External PIM sources Rusty bolt effect 4/8/1610 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

To Reduce PIM Low-PIM passives & antennas (-153/-161dBc), inject two tones to test DIN connectors typically coming in from BTS All connectors properly torqued Environmental (DAS) awareness RF connector cleanliness 4/8/1611 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

What is a diplexer? 4/8/1612 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Duplexers isolate Tx and Rx signals 4/8/1613 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Duplexer Ports Are Frequency Selective 4/8/1614 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Cross Band Couplers (Multi-Band Combiner) Directs band-specific energy flow 4/8/1615 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Simple In-Building Solution 4/8/1616 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Power Dividers (Splitter/Combiners) Equally distribute power to antennas – -153 dBc (typ) PIM Rating (ClearLink) – 50/300/700 Watts – Covers MHz – Available in 2, 3 or 4 way channels – DIN and N connectors options available 4/8/1617 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) 4/8/1618 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

ClearLink Splitter/Combiners ClearLinkTM Power Dividers/300 or 700 Watts General Information Our high power - low PIM dividers are capable of handling 300 watts of power for N Female connector and up to 700 watts for DIN connector into a matched load. These are ideal for in-building applications that require the dividing of RF to accommodate multiple antenna locations. Specifications Channel Isolation (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Total Loss (dB) Phase Balance Side 1° 3° 3° Top 1° 15° 15° VSWR (:1) PIM Rating (typ)* (dBc) / /8/1619 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Passive Conditioning for Fiber DAS 4/8/1620 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Passive Conditioning between BST  DAS 4/8/1621 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

ClearLink™ Directional Couplers Low PIM coaxial directional couplers – -153/-161 dBc (typ) PIM Rating – Covers MHz – DIN and N connector options available – 200 Watts average power – Coupling options available: 5, 6, 10, 15, 20 or 30 dB 4/8/1622 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Directional Couplers (Cont) Common Coupling Ratios – The first number of the ratio is the % of power that passes through the device to the output port. The second is the % of power at the coupled port. 4/8/1623 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

ClearLink™ Hybrid Couplers 3 dB Standard coupling options – -153/-161 dBc (typ) PIM Rating – Covers MHz – DIN and N connectors options available – 200 Watts average power – Low insertion loss and power handling capability 4/8/1624 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

ClearLink™ Power (Signal) Tappers Operate the same as directional couplers but no directivity – -153/-161 dBc (typ) PIM Rating – Covers MHz – DIN and N connector options available – 200 Watts average power – Coupling options available: 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 20 or 30 dB 4/8/1625 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Similar, But Different Directional Couplers Signal Tappers Standard Coupling (dB) Insertion Loss (dB) Coupling Variation (dB) ±1.0 ±1.2 VSWR (:1) 1.35 Directivity (dB) (Min Value) 20 PIM Rating (typ)* (dBc) -153 Dimensions /N Model /DIN Model /DDD Model 6.09 x 2.56 x 0.87 in 6.68 x 2.73 x 1.42 in 6.68 x 2.89 x 1.42 in Operating Temperature -25° C to +75° C Standard Coupling (dB) 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15 Insertion Loss (dB) 0.1 Mainline Loss (dB)1.26 ± 0.4 VSWR (:1)≤ 1.35 PIM Rating (typ)* (dBc)-153 Dimensions N Female Connectors 7/16 DIN Female Connectors 8.24 x 2.47 x.99 in Operating Temperature -35° C to +75°C 4/8/1626 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Additional Features and Benefits Guaranteed PIM Compliance Available with Type N or 7/16 DIN Female Connectors Low Insertion Loss High Directivity Dual Directional 200 Watts Average Power IP65 Compliant (Water & Spray, Dust) RoHS Compliant (no lead) 4/8/1627 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Other Passive ‘Nuts & Bolts’ Terminators - a dissipative electronic device used at the end of a transmission line or waveguide to convert transmitted energy into heat, so that essentially no energy is radiated outward or reflected back to its source Attenuators - Ideal for managing signal power levels going into IB repeaters of Fiber DAS Head Ends 4/8/1628 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Terminators VSWR DC-6.0 GHz1.10:1 Max DC-2.5 GHz1.20:1 Max Input Power2 Watt 25° RF Leakage>90 dBc Power Peak500 Watts Impedance50 Ohms Operating Temp. Range-65° C to +125° C Connector Body MaterialBrass, tri-alloy plated Center Conductor MaterialGold Plated brass or beryllium copper Dimensions N-Male1.20 x 0.70 in. 7/16 DIN 1.62 x 0.78 in. ConnectorsN-Male, 7/16 DIN 4/8/1629 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

In-Line Attenuators Attenuation3,5,6,10,15,20,30 dB Input Power2 Watt 25 o C Power (Peak)250 Watts VSWR DC-2.5 GHz: 1.20:1 MAX GHz: 1.35:1 MAX Weight2.5 oz. Max FinishNickel Plated Brass Center ConductorGold Plated Dimensions1.76" Nominal 4/8/1630 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Typical Installation With BTS Connections 4/8/1631 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Conditioning Block Diagram (MIMO) 4/8/1632 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Without DIUs Installed 4/8/1633 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Front/Rear Panels, MIMO Configuration Front Panel Rear Panel 4/8/1634 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Sample DIU Installation – Clemson University 4/8/1635 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Alternate Configurations (Because every site has different needs) 4/8/1636 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved

Block Diagram, Dual MIMO Configuration 4/8/1637 Copyright © 2016 | CIBET | All rights reserved