Living By Chemistry Unit 1: ALCHEMY Matter, Atomic Structure, and Bonding

In this unit you will learn: what matter is composed of to use the language of chemistry to decode information contained in the periodic table how new substances with new properties are made what holds substances together

Section I: Defining Matter Lesson 1 Tools of the Trade Lesson 2 A Penny for Your Thoughts Lesson 3 What’s the Matter? Lesson 4 Mass Communication Lesson 5 All That Glitters

Alchemy Lesson 1: Tools of the Trade Lab Equipment and Safety

Alchemy Lesson 1: Tools of the Trade ChemCatalyst List at least four tools or pieces of equipment you think a chemist might use in a chemistry lab.

Key Question What tools and equipment do chemists use?

You will be able to: recognize common chemistry tools and equipment that you will be using in the course find all the safety equipment in the laboratory and understand its use understand the rules of safety in the chemistry laboratory

Prepare for the Activity Work in groups of four.

Discussion Notes Safety Equipment: fire blanketfirst aid kit fire extinguisheraprons/lab coats eye washshower safety goggleshood

Wrap Up What tools and equipment do chemists use? Chemists have a set of tools that are useful for studying matter. Chemistry laboratories have a number of potential hazards. Chemists know the safety rules and how to use the safety equipment.

Check-in 1.Sketch or describe these items. 2.Where are these items located in your classroom? graduated cylindertest tube rack Erlenmeyer flaskbalance or scale eye washfire extinguisher

Lesson 2: A Penny for Your Thoughts Introduction to Chemistry

Alchemy Lesson 2: A Penny for Your Thoughts ChemCatalyst Long ago, early scientists tried to turn ordinary things into gold. This pursuit was called alchemy, and the people who engaged in alchemy were called alchemists. Do you think these early scientists were successful in turning things into gold? Explain your thinking.

Key Question What is chemistry?

You will be able to: observe a procedure and write observations define and formulate a hypothesis to explain observed phenomena define chemistry and begin to describe what chemists study

Prepare for the Demonstration In this demo, you will observe a chemical transformation firsthand.

Discussion Notes To determine whether the new penny is gold, you need to study its properties. Property: A characteristic of a substance. Physical Properties:color, hardness, size, weight Chemical Properties: how a substance reacts

Discussion Notes (cont.) Chemistry: The study of substances, their properties, and how they can be transformed. The study of matter and how matter can be changed.

Discussion Notes (cont.) Scientists use a systematic approach to solve problems in science. Hypothesis: A testable explanation for an observation.

Discussion Notes (cont.) Types of Data: Qualitative data = describes physical characteristics (color, odor, or shape) - no numbers Quantitative data = numerical data - a measurement (5.00 g)

Wrap Up What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of what substances are made of, how they behave, and how they can be transformed. It is the study of matter and how matter can be changed. A hypothesis is a testable explanation for an observation. Scientists use a systematic approach to solving problems in science.

Lesson 3: What’s the Matter? Defining Matter

Alchemy Lesson 3: What’s the Matter? ChemCatalyst Modern chemistry is defined as the study of matter. 1.What do you think matter is? 2.Name two things that are matter and two things that are not matter.

Key Question What is matter?

You will be able to: define matter classify an item as matter or not matter

Prepare for the Activity Work in groups.

MatterUnsureNot Matter

Discussion Notes The items that are clearly matter are all objects, or things, that are tangible. Energy and ideas are not matter, but they involve matter. Matter has some sort of dimension and substance to it.

Discussion Notes (cont.) A good definition should work 100% of the time. Here are some textbook definitions of matter: Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Volume = amount of space an object occupies Mass = amount of matter inside an object

Discussion Notes (cont.) Mass is different than weight: mass = amount of matter –Mass does not change based on position in universe Weight = affect of gravity on an object –Weight can change based on elevation on earth

Discussion Notes (cont.) Energy is the ability of a system to do work or supply heat. Energy is not matter because it does not have volume or mass.

Wrap Up What is matter? Matter is everything that has substance and takes up space, or that has mass and volume. Ideas and energy are examples of things that are not matter. Chemists study all kinds of matter.

Check-in Which of the following can be classified as matter? a. a beam of sunlightb. an automobile c. an idead. your breath e. rainf. sadness

Lesson 4: Mass Communication Mass and Volume

Alchemy Lesson 4: Mass Communication ChemCatalyst 1.Which has more mass and weighs more, 5 kilograms of bricks or 5 kilograms of feathers? Explain your thinking. 2.Would it hurt more to be hit with 5 pounds of feathers or 5 pounds of bricks? Explain your thinking.

Key Question How do you determine the masses and volumes of different substances?

You will be able to: measure mass using a balance measure the volume of regularly and irregularly shaped objects

Prepare for the Lab Work in groups of four.

Prepare for the Lab (cont.) Significant Figures (sig figs) = the numbers in a measurement that you know with certainty plus the first number that you estimate. Uncertainty in Measurement = Last estimated digit + 1 of last digit Ex: 6.90 mL mL Instruments that allow you to read more numbers are more precise. A graduated cylinder is more precise than a beaker.

Discussion Notes Neither mass nor volume alone can tell us how much matter is in an object. Volume is measured using geometry or water displacement. 1 mL = 1 cm 3 Graduated cylinders measure the volume of liquids. Mass is measured by weighing

Discussion Notes (cont.) SI Units of Measurement Standard units used by scientists worldwide Base Units = most common unit for measuring certain quantities QuantityBase Unit TimeSecond (s) LengthMeter (m) MassKilogram (kg) TemperatureKelvin (K)

Discussion Notes (cont.) Prefixes Used with SI Base Units Prefixes = modify base units to make measurements easier to report PrefixSymbolFactorScientific Notation Example kilok1, Kilometer (km) decid1/ Deciliter (dL) centic1/ Centimeter (cm) millim1/ Milliliter (mL) microµ1/1,000, Microgram (µg)

Examples 1. How many meters are in 2.5 km? 2. How many centimeters are in 3.7 meters? 3. Convert 4,500,000 to scientific notation. 4. Convert 5.67x10 -3 to regular notation.

Wrap Up How do you determine the masses and volumes of substances? Mass is a measure of the amount of substance. Mass can be measured using an electronic or triple beam balance. Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. The volume of a liquid can be measured in a graduated cylinder. Objects with similar volumes can have different masses, and vice versa.

Check-in A penny has a mass of g. a.What is the mass to the nearest tenth of a gram? b. How would you determine the volume of a penny? c. What is the difference between mass and volume? d. Suppose you find that the golden penny has a mass of 2.6 g. If you compare it with the mass of this penny, what can you conclude?

Lesson 5: All That Glitters Density

Alchemy Lesson 5: All That Glitters ChemCatalyst In the year 250 B.C.E., King Hiero commissioned a goldsmith to make him a crown out of pure gold. However, when he received the crown, he suspected that the goldsmith had taken some of the gold and replaced it with a cheaper metal, even though it still weighed the same. He asked Archimedes to determine whether the crown was solid gold. How do you think Archimedes determined whether the crown was solid gold?

Key Question How can you use mass and volume to determine the identity of a substance?

You will be able to: define density as the amount of mass in a certain space, or mass per unit volume solve problems for density, mass, or volume using the equation D = m/V explain how and why density can be used to identify a substance.

Prepare for the Lab Work in pairs.

Discussion Notes Density = mass per unit volume or how much “stuff” there is in a certain space. Density is an intensive property. d = m  v units = g/mL or g/cm 3 intensive property = property that doesn’t depend on amount (for same temperature). can be used to identify a substance extensive property: characteristic that is specific to the amount Ex. mass

Discussion Notes Sig Figs (cont.): Atlantic/Pacific Rule Pacific – dec. pt. present Start 1 st non-zero on Pacific side Ex Atlantic – dec. pt. absent Start 1 st non-zero on Atlantic side Ex

Discussion Notes (cont.) Sig figs and calculations Multiplication/Division: least # of sig figs Example: 18.4cm x 0.5 cm x 36.1cm =

Metal Mass (g) Volume (mL) Density = mass/volume 2-inch long gold-colored rod 55.4 g6.6 mL 2-inch long silver-colored rod 17.8 g6.6 mL 4-inch long silver-colored rod 35.6 g13.2 mL crayon

Discussion Notes (cont.) Common materials and their densities. MaterialDensityMaterialDensity zinc7.1 g/cm 3 gold19.3 g/cm 3 paper0.9 g/cm 3 brass8.4 g/cm 3 water1.0 g/mLcopper9.0 g/cm 3 aluminum2.7 g/cm 3 lead11.4 g/cm 3

Discussion Notes (cont.) Accuracy and Precision in measurement Accurate = how close experimental value is to accepted value Precise = repeated experimental trials get close to same results

Wrap Up How can you use mass and volume to determine the identity of a substance? One substance can be distinguished from another by examining its intensive physical properties, such as density. Density is a measure of the mass per unit volume of a substance. The density of any given substance is always the same (as long as the temperature remains constant).

Check-in In 1999, the United States Mint produced a coin called the Golden Dollar. It features an image of Sacagawea, the famous Native American guide for Lewis and Clark. It has a mass of 9.8 g and volume of 1.1 mL. Is this coin truly gold? Explain. (The density of gold is 19.3 g/mL.)

Quiz Review Name the following pieces of lab equipment:

Review 1.Which piece of lab equipment is used to measure A.volume B.mass

Review 2.What is the definition of matter?

Review 3.What is the formula for density? 4.Calculate the density of an object with a mass of 3.2 g and a volume of 4.0 mL.

Review 5.What is an intensive property? 6.If you find a object made of an unknown metal, what could you use to identify it?