World War I and Its Aftermath Chapter 6

Outbreak of World War I  Causes of the War (MAIN)  Militarism  Alliance System  Triple Alliance (Central Powers)  Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy  Triple Entente (Allied Powers)  Britain, France, Russia  Imperialism  Nationalism  Spark: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Europe Goes to War  Alliances cause war to grow  A-H declares war on Serbia  Russia joins Serbia (allies)  Germany declares war on Russia and France  Germany’s Military Strategy  Schlieffen Plan-Germany’s attempt to avoid a two-front war  Battle of the Marne-Allies pushed back German forces.  led to 3 year stalemate on the W. front (trench warfare).

Photos from the Front

Trench Warfare

No Man’s Land

Soldiers Stuck in Shell Craters in “No Man’s Land”

Life in the Trenches

Soldiers Blinded by Gas

Trench Foot

WWI Amputees

American Neutrality ( )  Wilson “Keeps Us out of War”  Urged American’s to remain neutral in thought and in action  England flooded the U.S. with anti-German war propaganda  American’s concerned about family members back in Europe and $ invested in Europe

Causes of U.S. Involvement: 1.Unrestricted submarine warfare  Sinking of the Lusitania (May 1915) 2.The Sussex Pledge  Wilson threatened war if Germany did not stop attacking U.S. ships; Germany backed off 3. Zimmerman Telegram  Germany’s attempt to form a secret alliance w/Mexico  War Declaration (April 4, 1917)

Military during WW1  Building Up the Military 1. Selective Service Act  lottery draft for the military 2. African Americans in the War  Served in segregated units  Returned home to racism 3. Women in the Military  Served in military as nurses only

Organizing Industry and Paying for War  War Industries Board (WIB)  Controlled raw materials and organized production of war supplies  Food Administration  Goal was to increase food production for the war effort  Americans reduced consumption by growing victory gardens  Paying for the War  Taxation  War cost $32 billion to fight  Congress raised income tax  Bonds  Govt. raised $20 billion by selling victory/liberty bonds to Americans

Changes in Labor  National War Labor Board  Prevent strikes  Increased union membership  Women took jobs in factories  The Great Migration  Massive movement of African Americans to the NE and Great Lakes regions  Mexican Migration  Massive immigration of Mexicans to the SW U.S. to provide labor on farms

Ensuring Public Support  Wilson’s Idealism- to keep people positive  “Make the world safe for democracy.”  “The war to end all wars.”  Committee on Public Info  Goal: keep support alive for the war effort through propaganda and censoring  Civil Liberties Reduced  Espionage Act (1917)-illegal to aid the enemy or interfere w/war effort  Schenck v. US (1919)- limited free speech  Sedition Act (1918)- illegal to make any public expression against the war  Formation of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)  Represented Americans whose civil liberties had been violated

WW1 Ends  Americans and Victory  Russia Leaves the War (Russian Revolution)  German Offensive Fails  Armistice  Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks surrendered  11:00 Germany surrendered

A Flawed Peace  President Wilson’s Peace Plan  14 Points based  Points 1-5 eliminated causes of war  Points 6-12 new boundaries; self-determination  Point 14 - League of Nations  Treaty of Versailles (T.O.V.)  Germany:  stripped of its military  war guilt clause  had to pay $33 billion  New boundaries created  Created League of Nations  U.S. Senate Rejects T.O.V.  “Irreconcilables”-members of Senate who wouldn’t ratify the T.O.V.  T.O.V. was never ratified

The Wars Impact on U.S.  Economic Turmoil after WWI  Inflation  Price of products increased drastically after the war  Strikes  Labor Unions organized strikes for better wages and shorter working hours  Race Riots (Summer 1919)  Returning soldiers unable to find jobs  African Americans and whites forced to compete for jobs/housing  The Red Scare- Fear of Communism Spreading to U.S.  Labor strikes fueled fear of Communist revolution in America  Palmer Raid  Palmer established the F.B.I  Between , Palmer raids on suspected radicals