Public Policy Comparative Politics Today, 9/e Almond, Powell, Dalton & Strøm Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman © 2008

» Questions ˃Identify and analyze the different types of states and their approaches to public policy. ˃What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of taxation? ˃What can explain the rise and growth of the welfare state? ˃Do some types of governments tend to promote political rights and others promote civil rights, OR do civil and political rights tend to go together? ˃How are welfare outcomes for women changing in developing countries today? ˃What sorts of armed conflicts are most common in today’s world? Why are they so difficult to stop? » Questions ˃Identify and analyze the different types of states and their approaches to public policy. ˃What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of taxation? ˃What can explain the rise and growth of the welfare state? ˃Do some types of governments tend to promote political rights and others promote civil rights, OR do civil and political rights tend to go together? ˃How are welfare outcomes for women changing in developing countries today? ˃What sorts of armed conflicts are most common in today’s world? Why are they so difficult to stop? » Terms ˃Direct Taxes ˃Distribution ˃Extraction ˃GDP/GNP/PPP ˃Indirect Taxes ˃Night Watchman State ˃Opportunity Costs ˃OECD ˃Outcomes ˃Police State ˃Policy Goods ˃Process Goods ˃Public Policies ˃Regulation ˃Regulatory State ˃Symbolic Outputs ˃System Goods ˃Trade Off ˃Welfare State » Terms ˃Direct Taxes ˃Distribution ˃Extraction ˃GDP/GNP/PPP ˃Indirect Taxes ˃Night Watchman State ˃Opportunity Costs ˃OECD ˃Outcomes ˃Police State ˃Policy Goods ˃Process Goods ˃Public Policies ˃Regulation ˃Regulatory State ˃Symbolic Outputs ˃System Goods ˃Trade Off ˃Welfare State

 Public policy consists of all those authoritative public decisions that governments make.  The outputs of the political system

Public policy consists of all those authoritative public decisions that governments make. Outputs – decisions Outcomes – end results Political Goods – goals and values of citizens. Particularly important in democratic societies. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political goals motivate different policies. Political goods are organized around: System goods : Citizens are free and able to act purposefully when environment is stable, transparent, predictable Process goods : citizen participation and free political participation; democratic procedures, due process Policy goods : economic welfare, quality of life, freedom, personal security © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Governments do many things. Production of goods and services varies from country to country regulation of telecommunications and air traffic provide defense, law enforcement, roads, postal service may operate major industries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Governments engage in various forms of public policy.  Many are directed at the major challenges facing contemporary states:  Building community  Fostering development  Securing democracy and rights

Public policies may be summarized and compared according to outputs classified into four headings: Extraction of Resources – from domestic, international environments Distribution – to citizens, residents Regulation – of human behavior Symbolic Outputs – exhort citizens to engage in desired behavior, build community. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Direct extraction of services : compulsory military service, jury duty, labor imposed on convicts Direct resource extraction : taxation Direct taxes/Indirect taxes Progressive taxes: The more you make the more you pay. Regressive taxes: Uniform in theory, because everyone pays the same. However: sales tax example from book, page 134. Poor people spend more of their income on food and clothing, so they end up paying more than the rich. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

 Of money, goods, and services - to citizens, residents and clients of the state  Distributive policy profiles  Health, education, and national defense consume the largest proportion of government spending across the world.  Developed countries: generally allocate from one half to two thirds of their central government expenditures to education, health, and welfare

 Night Watchman State: a Lockean state, which primarily sought to regulate just enough to preserve law, order, a good business climate, and the basic security of its citizens.  Police State: regulates much more intrusively and extracts resources more severely than the night watchman state.  Regulatory State : evolved in all advanced industrial societies as they face the complexities of modern life.  Welfare State : found particularly in more prosperous and democratic societies, distributes resources extensively to provide for the health, education, employment, housing, and income support of its citizens.

Police State Most restrictive & intrusive in terms of civil and political rights Heavy extraction Regulation and Law changes without public input Few social services/public good Night watchman State Lassiez Faire State Least Intrusive Little Extraction Little Regulation Few social services or public goods Private > Public Regulatory State Modern Industrial State Balance economic growth with regulatory needs Extraction (Taxes) Attempts to address the complexity of the modern state Basic Public Goods Balance Public and Private Welfare State Heavy extraction (Taxes) Redistribution of wealth Social Services are extensive Seeks to provide extensive resources to society Expensive Public > Private

Night Watchman State Police State Regulatory State Welfare State Types of States – Role of Government Increasing Role of Government

 First modern welfare state programs introduced in Germany in the 1880s  Bismarck: social insurance programs that protected workers  1930s to 1970s most industrialized states have adopted and expanded welfare policies  1980s and 1990s the welfare states in advanced capitalist countries continued to grow albeit at a somewhat slower rate  Mixture between social insurance and social redistribution  In part paternalistic and in part Robin Hood

 Welfare benefits can be expensive and governments often have limited funds.  There are three principles that govern most welfare state provisions:  Need - help and services are provided to those that need them most  Contribution - benefits should go to those that have contributed to the program  Entitlement/Universalism - everyone should have the benefit, regardless of specific circumstances  Often applied to primary education or to treatment for life- threatening diseases  U.S. model in education - equality of opportunity  U.S. and charitable organizations/individuals

 Ability of future generations to pay  Growth of senior citizens/dependency ratios  2008 Economic Crisis – cut federal budgets and forced many nations to revisit their social programs  International Debt Crisis  Tea Party Movement – USA  Austerity Plans – UK, Greece, etc…  Some welfare states give citizens few incentives to work.  Norway and Sweden  Standard of living and legitimacy are still high in these nations

 Regulation is the exercise of political control over the behavior of individuals and groups in society.  Most contemporary governments are both welfare states and regulatory states.  Government regulate:  By legal means  By offering material or financial inducements  By persuasion or moral exhortation

 How do we describe and explain the differences between political systems in the area of regulation? We ask:  What aspects of human behavior and interaction are regulated and to what degree?  What social groups are regulated, with what procedural limitations on enforcement and what rights?  What sanctions are used to compel or induce citizens to comply?  One aspect of regulation is particularly important politically: government control over political participation and communication  Political rights and civil liberties

 Intended to enhance people’s national identity, civil pride, or trust in government  Enhance other areas of performance:  Make people pay their taxes more readily and honestly  Comply with law more faithfully  Accept sacrifice, danger, and hardship

 How do extractive, distributive, regulative, and symbolic policies affect the lives of citizens?  Sometimes policies have unintended and undesirable consequences.  To estimate the effectiveness of public policy, we have to examine actual welfare outcomes as well as governmental policies and their implementation.  Measures of economic well-being  Nigeria and India - severe problems  Income distribution tends to be most unequal in medium-income developing societies, such as Brazil, and more equal in advanced market societies as well as in low-income developing societies, such as India.  Kuznets Curve  Health outcomes  Education and information technologies

 Crime rates have been on the increase in many advanced industrial societies until recently as well as the developing world.  Russia, Brazil and Mexico- high rates of crimes  England, France (has had an increase), and Germany have a small fraction of the U.S.’s crime numbers  China has low murder rates; Japan even lower.  Much crime found in urban areas.  Causes are complex.  Migration increases diversity and conflict.  Pace of urbanization explosive; severe problems of poverty and infrastructure  Inequality of income and wealth, unemployment, drug abuse, hopelessness of big city life  Crime rates have come down in the U.S.  Stronger economy; increased incarceration time; decrease in youth

 International activities: economic, diplomatic, military and informational  Most common outcome of the interaction among nations is warfare  Deadly costs of international warfare have gradually escalated  90 percent of the war deaths since 1700 have occurred in the 20th century.  In the last decades of the 20th century, more than three-quarters of the war deaths were civilian.  People of the former Soviet Union have been the greatest victims of the tormented history of the 20th century.  Germany suffered the second largest number of deaths.  Followed by China and Japan, France and Great Britain

 After WWI the most devastating conflicts have occurred in the Third World.  Partition of British India into India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh associated with numerous deadly conflicts.  Conflicts in Africa  Many newly independent from about 1960  Borders drawn by colonial powers  Serious problems of national cohesion/chronic civil war  End of Cold War  Wave of instability and conflict  Uppsala Conflict Data Project  Role of the United Nations  Economic costs of national security

 Hard fact about political goods: We cannot always have them all simultaneously.  A political system often has to trade off one value to obtain another.  Opportunity costs are what you lose in one area by committing your resources to a different good.  One of the important tasks of social science is to discover the conditions under which positive and negative trade-offs occur.

» Questions ˃Identify and analyze the different types of states and their approaches to public policy. ˃What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of taxation? ˃What can explain the rise and growth of the welfare state? ˃Do some types of governments tend to promote political rights and others promote civil rights, OR do civil and political rights tend to go together? ˃How are welfare outcomes for women changing in developing countries today? ˃What sorts of armed conflicts are most common in today’s world? Why are they so difficult to stop? » Questions ˃Identify and analyze the different types of states and their approaches to public policy. ˃What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of taxation? ˃What can explain the rise and growth of the welfare state? ˃Do some types of governments tend to promote political rights and others promote civil rights, OR do civil and political rights tend to go together? ˃How are welfare outcomes for women changing in developing countries today? ˃What sorts of armed conflicts are most common in today’s world? Why are they so difficult to stop? » Terms ˃Direct Taxes ˃Distribution ˃Extraction ˃GDP/GNP/PPP ˃Indirect Taxes ˃Night Watchman State ˃Opportunity Costs ˃OECD ˃Outcomes ˃Police State ˃Policy Goods ˃Process Goods ˃Public Policies ˃Regulation ˃Regulatory State ˃Symbolic Outputs ˃System Goods ˃Trade Off ˃Welfare State » Terms ˃Direct Taxes ˃Distribution ˃Extraction ˃GDP/GNP/PPP ˃Indirect Taxes ˃Night Watchman State ˃Opportunity Costs ˃OECD ˃Outcomes ˃Police State ˃Policy Goods ˃Process Goods ˃Public Policies ˃Regulation ˃Regulatory State ˃Symbolic Outputs ˃System Goods ˃Trade Off ˃Welfare State