Biochemistry Macromolecules-large molecules made of thousands of units. Monomer-one unit Polymer-many units joined into a chain (polymerization) 4 Types of Macromolecules in all life.

1. Carbohydrates Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1:2:1) Provide energy Used for plant structures (cellulose) Sugars (small units) and starches (large units) Sugars all end in “-ose” (sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, dextrose) Units: Monosaccharides 2 units: Disaccharide 3 units: Polysaccaride EX. Starch,cellulose, glycogen

Glucose-simplest sugar

Starches-used by plants and animals Glycogen- Used by animals only More bonds to break

Cellulose-used by plants for cell walls

Complex carbohydrate - monomer monosaccharide

Types of complex Carbohydrates Glycogen- found in animals. We store our sugars in the liver Cellulose- found in plants and cell walls in plant cells. It is used for holding structure of plants Starch- storage of energy in plants. Found in potatoes, beets, etc. Glucose- C 6 H 12 O 6 Simple sugar used by plants

Video Carbohydrate Carbohydrate

2. Lipids C, H, and O Store energy, membranes, waterproof coverings (plants) Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (hormones like testosterone) 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (Triglyceride)

Phospholipids Makes up plasma membranes

Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids Lipid structure

3. Proteins N, C, H, O Building blocks of life Units: Amino Acids When 2 or more amino acids join to form a protein they connect by a Peptide BondPeptide Bond 2 amino acids make a dipeptide Many amino acids make a polypeptide

Amino Acids forming Dipeptide

Proteins Examples Insulin-enzyme that controls the amount of blood sugar Hemoglobin- protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

EnzymesEnzymes are Proteins!! Biological catalysts Speed up reactions Proteins (End in “-ase”) Must be activated to work Lower Activation Energy

Inhibitors Slow down reactions by changing the activation site’s shape (toxins) Raise activation energy

Lock and Key Model of Enzymes Lock and Key Model of Enzymes (proteins) Enzyme video Enzyme video For enzymes to work a key must fit into a lock (just like a car key) Substrate-key Activation site on the enzyme-lock

4. Nucleic Acids H, O, N, C, P Store/Transmit Heredity Only 2: DNA and RNA Units: Nucleotides:Nucleotides 5-Carbon Sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous Base Nucleic Acid Video

Nucleic Acids RNA DNA

Nucleotide

Which of the following are building blocks of carbohydrates? 1. Amino acids 2. 3 fatty acids and a glycerol 3. Monosaccharide 4. None of these

Food Tests Sugars-Benedict’s Solution-Red Sugars Starch-Iodine-Blue and Black Starch Protein-Biuret’s Solution-Pinkish Purple Protein Lipids-Clear spot spreads outwards on paper Lipids

Identify the following as a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid or inorganic substance also tell the building block of each 1. DNA 2. Enzyme 3. Muscle 4. Glucose 5. Monosaccharide 6. Wax 7. Cellulose 8. starch 9. glycogen 10. amino acid 11. fatty acids and a glycerol 12. glass 13. mineral 14. hemoglobin 15. steroid