Today 1/21 Grab an iRemote Get your journal Turn in water lab and H2O R.A.F.T to basket In your journal for today, explain this picture using what we learned about properties of water yesterday:

Quiz: Thurs 1/21 1.Your saliva measures 7 on the pH scale, it is a(n) ___ solution? a. acidic b. basic c. neutral 2.The ___ property of water helps in the formation of soil. a. capillary action b. expansion during freezing c. evaporative cooling 3.Laundry detergent typically has a pH of 3 which indicates a(n) ___ solution? a. acidic b. basic c. neutral 4.The use of ___ helps to maintain a certain pH in our bodies maintaining homeostasis. a. buffers b. bases c. acids 5.The ___ property of water removes heat helping to cool your skin through sweating. a. capillary action b. evaporation c. cohesion

What are ORGANIC COMPOUNDS? Def: made by cells & contain CARBON. # of valence electrons in outer shell of electron cloud determines an elements chemical properties- how it reacts/behaves with other elements. Remember from Friday… Carbon can make 4 bonds Nitrogen can make 3 bonds Oxygen can make 2 bonds Hydrogen can make 1 bond

Carbon is a very diverse element because… It can make four bonds with other elements It can form single & double bonds It can have many types of arrangements (branched, unbranched, isomers) Carbon and other elements can bond together to make HYDROCARBONS… Why is CARBON important?

What are HYDROCARBONS? Def: Organic Compounds only made of H and C Usually has chains of C’s which form a CARBON BACKBONE.

The CARBON BACKBONES are circled below…

HYDROCARBONS can be: Branched Unbranched

HYDROCARBONS can be: ISOMERS- have same formula but different structure. (Can you see why the first picture is 1-Butene and 2 nd picture is 2- Butene?) 1-Butene 2-Butene

HYDROCARBONS can: Form ring structures

Hydrocarbons are the “backbone” of most molecules. The thing that makes a molecule different is its FUNCTIONAL GROUP This is what gives the molecule its individualized properties. Think about it this way… The hydrocarbon is like your last name- most everyone in your immediate family shares the same last name but it’s your first name that makes you different. So your first name is like the functional group. It’s what makes the molecule unique. This is the hydrocarbon “backbone” This is a functional group that makes it an individual

What are FUNCTIONAL GROUPS? Def: groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions 4 important functional groups:

1. HYDROXYL GROUP O-H Oxygen end bonds to carbon skeleton Called Alcohols Found in sugars; water-soluble vitamins

2. CARBONYL GROUP C=O Found in sugars Two kinds: ALDEHYDE- carbonyl group is at end of chain Ex: formaldehyde KETONE- carbonyl group is within the chain Ex: ketones in urine Acetone Formaldehyde

3. CARBOXYL GROUP C=OOH Acts as acid donating H+ to solutions. Called carboxylic acids Found in amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, vitamins. Acetic Acid

4. AMINO GROUP NH 2 Acts as a base picking up H+ from a solution. Called amines Found in amino acids, proteins, urea

The CARBON BACKBONES and the FUNCTIONAL GROUPS combine to make MACROMOLECULES… LIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEIN NUCLEIC ACID

What are MACROMOLECULES? Def: large, biological molecules that are used to build new cell parts, secretions, etc. Four types: Proteins- made up of amino acids Carbohydrates (a.k.a. Polysaccharides)- made up of monosaccharides Nucleic acids- made up of nucleotides Lipids- made up of glycerol and fatty acids

WHAT DO ALL FOUR TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES HAVE IN COMMON? All are “made up” of something. Cells make macromolecules by joining long chains of organic molecules together to form POLYMERS. The subunits that make up polymers are called MONOMERS. The arrangement of and joining of monomers creates trillions of different types polymers. This entire chain is called a POLYMER… one piece (circled) is a MONOMER.

ANALOGIES My colorful plastic baby toy on my desk is a representation of a polymer. Each individual toy would be a monomer subunit. Create your own analogy for a polymer and monomer.

How are polymers created in the cell? Cells JOIN monomers to create polymers by dehydration synthesis. All unlinked monomers have H atoms at one end and hydroxyl groups (OH) at other end. When a monomer is added… an H and OH is removed. This creates a molecule of H 2 O (water) a covalent bond is formed btwn molecules. (glucose & fructose) New polymer is created (sucrose)

Dehydration Synthesis

How are monomers created in the cell? Cells BREAK polymers apart into monomers by hydrolysis. (How food is digested in your stomach) Cells break bonds by adding H 2 O to them. When a polymer is broken… Water is split into an OH group and H group OH group is added to one monomer & H is added to the other the covalent bond is broken (btween sucrose) 2 new products are formed (glucose & fructose)

Hydrolysis

What to do next?