Organic Chemistry

Inorganic Organic Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!! C has 4 valence e-’s 4 covalent bonds tetrahedral Low M.P. Slow reactors Poor conductors Contains only small amount of Carbon (I.e., carbides, oxides) Ionic or Covalent bonds High MP, strong intermolecular forces Contains Carbon!!!! (CHON) Covalent bonds EXCEPT CO 2 it’s inorganic Has Carbon

Alkane Single bonds C n H 2n+2 Ends in -ane Alkene One double bond C n H 2n Ends in -ene Saturated All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!! Ex. C 2 H 6 H H H- C- C- H H H Ex. C 2 H 4 H H H- C=C-H

Alkyne 1 triple bond C n H 2n-2 Ends in -yne Aromatic Ring C n H 2n-6 Benzene Toluene Unsaturated Double or triple bonds Alkenes & Alkynes Ex. C 2 H 2 H-C=C-H

Naming Hydrocarbons Prefix 1-meth 2-eth 3-prop 4-but 5-pent 6-hex 7-hept 8-oct 9-non 10-dec Branches F-fluoro- Cl-chloro- Br-bromo- CH 3 - methyl CH 3 CH 2 - ethyl

Steps: Name the longest chain of carbons Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are) Look for branches, name, & tell where they are Ex. HH H H H-C- C- C- C- H H H H H Butane Ex. #2 CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH 3 CH 3 3-methyl hexane

Characteristics of Hydrocarbons: Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds Can be found in nature Can be straight chained or branched Contains only Carbon & Hydrogen Soluble in nonpolar solvents Non electrolytes Non polar Low M.P.

Isomers Same molecular formula Different structural formula Count up the atoms, put in different order C 5 H 12 -C-C-C-C-C- C 5 H 12 -C-C-C-C- C

Functional Groups Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH Alcohol -OH name ends in “ol” Tell what C # it is on Monohydroxy-1 OH Dihydroxy-2OH (diols) Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol) AcidEnd in “oic acid” Occurs at the end of a chain Conduct electricity -COOH -C O OH Table R CH 3 COOH 2-pentanol

Functional Groups Ester Ether Occurs in the middle of a chain -COOC- Draw line between single bond O and C Single bond side (yl) Double bond side (oate) Occurs in middle of chain CH 3 CH 2 OCH 3 H on the carbon Branch (yl) ether -C-O-C- -C O O-C-

Functional Groups Amine Derivative of ammonia: formed when one or more of the H atoms are replaced by an alkyl group Amide Formed when one of the H’s of the amine react w/the OH of an acid to produce an amide & water Ketone Occurs in the middle of a chain CH 3 COCH 3 No H on the carbon -C-C-C- O Ends in “one” Tell what C#

Functional Groups Aldehyde HO ends in “al” occurs at the end of a chain -CHO -C O H

Types of Organic Reactions Substitution Substitute on atom for another Alkane + diatomic Addition Add both atoms of the diatomic Alkene + diatomic CH 4 + Cl 2 CH 3 Cl +HCl HH H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl HH C 2 H 4 + Br 2 C 2 H 4 Br 2 H HBr Br C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H H H

Types of Organic Reactions Fermentation Enzymatic reaction (zymase) Glucose ==> ethanol + CO 2 Saponification Fatty acid + strong base==> soap C 6 H 12 O 6 ==> C 2 H 5 OH + CO 2 R-COOH + NaOH ==> 3CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 - C-O-Na + O

Types of Organic Reactions Polymerization 1.Condensation: start with an alkane remove water 2.Addition: start with an alkene Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene X(C 2 H 4 ) ==> H(CH 2 -CH 2 ) x H H H H H H H H H HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H 2 O H H H H H H H H

Types of Reactions Esterification Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water Combustion Oxidation or burning Fractional Distillation Cracking CH 4 + O 2 ==> CO 2 +H 2 O A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules. A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).