Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. Biochemistry: – Made by living things – All contain the elements carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic compounds: Inorganic: All other compounds – Usually do not contain carbon –H2O–H2O – Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 – NaCl – Carbon containing molecules not considered organic: CO 2

Essential Elements 30 elements essential to human life. 30 elements essential to human life.

Main branches of Organic Chemistry: Biochemistry, which includes: – Carbohydrates Simple and complex sugars – Proteins – Lipids Fats and oils – Nucleic acids DNA & RNA

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –straight chain –branched chain (not covered on exam) –ring (not covered on exam)

There is a shorthand for drawing molecules: To simplify a hydrocarbon, we draw a kinked line where each bend (and each end) is a carbon.

Dehydration Synthesis + H 2 O

Hydrolysis: Hydro- Hydro- water (H 2 O) water (H 2 O) Lysis- Lysis- to split to split

–Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. –Fats and oils contain 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol. –These fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) are hooked to the glycerol by taking water out. When they join it is called a dehydration synthesis reaction. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol (which is a steroid). Triglyceride

Triglyceride: Fats 1 glycerol + 3 Fatty acids glycerol and fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) hooked together by dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn) Glycerol Hydrocarbon chain (non polar) Glycerol Hydrocarbon chain (non polar) 10

Phospholipid Same structure as triglyceride but with 1 phosphate group 11

Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. –saturated fatty acids (single bonds) –unsaturated fatty acids (at least one double bond)

Saturated fats pack well and tend to be solid. Unsaturated fats do not pack well and tend to be liquid. SaturatedUnsaturated

Composition of a Cell Membrane: 1. Phospholipid Bilayer 2. Proteins

Hydrophilic Water-loving: Term applied to polar (charged) molecules Water molecules are attracted to this end of the phospholipid This end forms a hydrogen bond with water

Hydrophobic Water-fearing. Term applied to nonpolar molecules that cannot bond with water. Water tends to push this part of the molecule away. Creating a Non-polar interior zone. Water

Bilayer Caused by the tails of the phospholipid being pushed away by the water on the inside and outside of the cell. THIS CREATES A TRUE BARRIER SEPARATING THE CELL FROM ITS SURROUNDING.

“Fluid Mosaic Model” Fluid: Fluid: The phospholipid bilayer is fluid like a soap bubble. The phospholipid bilayer is fluid like a soap bubble. Lipids move around in their side of the bilayer Lipids move around in their side of the bilayer Lipid molecules do NOT move from layer to the other. Lipid molecules do NOT move from layer to the other. They can move side to side but not up and down. They can move side to side but not up and down.

“Fluid Mosaic Model” Mosaic: The membrane is studded with an assortment of different proteins, some which float in only one of the of the lipid layers and some that are inserted all the way through. Mosaic: The membrane is studded with an assortment of different proteins, some which float in only one of the of the lipid layers and some that are inserted all the way through.

Marker Protein: Proteins that allow the body to recognize self and non self. Proteins that allow the body to recognize self and non self. Found only in the outer layer of the bilayer Found only in the outer layer of the bilayer Ex. Transplants Ex. Transplants Your body relies on marker proteins to tell one cell from another. Your body relies on marker proteins to tell one cell from another.

Channel Protein: Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer. Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer. used to transport polar sugars, amino acids and ions (Na+). used to transport polar sugars, amino acids and ions (Na+). Particular channels fit only certain particles Particular channels fit only certain particles molecule must fit a certain shape, similar to a lock and key molecule must fit a certain shape, similar to a lock and key

Receptor Protein: Transmits info from the world outside to the interior of the cell. Transmits info from the world outside to the interior of the cell. Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer. Specifically shaped proteins that fit all the way through the lipid bilayer. On the outside of the cell, a specifically shaped molecule fits into the protein (like a hand in a glove) On the outside of the cell, a specifically shaped molecule fits into the protein (like a hand in a glove) which in turn causes a change in the opposite side of the membrane. which in turn causes a change in the opposite side of the membrane.  This causes a change in the cell. Ex. Hormones Ex. Hormones

I. DIFFUSION: Definition: Transport of molecules (in general) From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Until equal distribution of concentrations reached in all areas (EQUILIBRIUM) Due to the random movement of molecules (entropy)

Definitions Solute: what gets dissolved Solvent: What does the dissolving, more plentiful that solute Water is almost always this. “Universal Solvent” Solution: the mixture of solutes and solvent Example: H2O and NaCl Solute: NaCl Solvent: H2O Solution: H2O and NaCl (Salt Water)

II.OSMOSIS: Definition: Diffusion (movement) of H 2 O from to high to low concentration THROUGH A MEMBRANE until equilibrium

1.Hypertonic: MORE More solute, less solvent (H 2 O)

2. Hypotonic: LESS Less solute, more solvent

3. Isotonic: EQUAL Equal amounts of solute/solvent concentrations on both sides of membrane

III. FACILITATED DIFFUSION: Like an open door allows you to pass into or out of a room. Different solute particles fit different pores This depends on Size Polarity Shape of molecule Ex. Glucose

Active Transport Requires energy Requires energy in the form of ATP (useful cellular energy) in the form of ATP (useful cellular energy) movement against the concentration gradient movement against the concentration gradient

Endocytosis: (IN) Two types: Two types: Phagocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Pinocytosis

Exocytosis: (OUT) Vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing contents to outside of cell. Vesicle fuses with cell membrane, releasing contents to outside of cell. ex. Waste ex. Waste ex. Digestive enzymes ex. Digestive enzymes