1. The slow, gradual change in a species is called ________ Evolution

2. What is biodiversity? Variety of living organisms in an area

3. What are Homologous structures? Structures that look the same but serve very different functions, Ex. Forllimbs of different species

4. What was Lamarck’s Theory and why was he incorrect? The theory of inheritance of acquired traits, acquired traits like large muscles cannot be passed on to offspring.

5. What is Artificial Selection? Give an example. When humans interfere and breed animals for desired traits like increased milk production or dog breeding. Breeding Labradors

6. What is natural selection? Who proposed Evolution through natural selection? is the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms that do not. Charles Darwin Proposed Evolution through Natural Selection.

7. Give an example of natural selection in action. In a population of dogs some have short hair and other long hair and temperature drops, the long haired ones will survive longer and pass on their genes while the short hair ones die off.

8. Why might one variation have a selective advantage over another variation? Environment might favor one and be against the other. Predators might see one color over another and keep attacking them, food scarcity or proximity might also dictate which members eat better or get more food.

9. What is survival of the fittest? Describes the idea that there is, in nature, competition to survive and reproduce. It is a struggle for existence.

10. What is disruptive selection? Disruptive selection favors both extremes while selecting against the average or “in- between” individuals

11. What is directional selection? Directional favors only one extreme while selecting against the other extreme and the average individuals. Example: Peppered Moth

12. What is convergent evolution? Give an example When environment dictates the evolution of similar structures that have similar functions from different, un-related species. Wings of a bat, bird, or a dragonfly. All have same function and shape, but formed in obviously different organisms.

13. What is divergent evolution? Give an example One species gives rise to many species over time. These new species can trace origin back to a common ancestor. Example: Darwin’s Finches or the tortoises he studied.

14. What are vestigial organs? Give at least 3 examples. Organs/Structures that have no apparent function or benefit for the organism. Examples: Wisdom teeth, wings in an ostrich, tail bone in humans, eyes for blind cave fish.

15. According to evolutionists, what factor from contributes to the most genetic variation in an organism? Mutations.

16. What is speciation? Give an example. Evolution of a new species because of geographic, reproductive isolation, or a change in the number of chromosomes. Ex. Polyploidy in some species of plants, Abert squirrels separated by Grand Canyon.

17. What species of animal did Darwin focus a lot of his attention on in the Galapagos? Finches and tortoises

18. What is adaptive radiation? When a population or a species evolves to fill in niches that were previously unoccupied. Darwin’s finches filled in the gaps of eating insects, nectar, hard nuts, etc. in order to maximize food consumption for energy and therefore developed beaks. Beaks are homologous in structure and function.

19. What is a mutation? How does it contribute to adaptation or evolution? Any change in the normal DNA sequence, mutations can give rise to new structures, behaviors, internal processes that might present as an adaptation and make an individual more fit or suited to survive in an environment

20. If you found two fossils in two different layers of sedimentary rock stacked on each other? How would you know which one is older? How can you know for sure? The fossil from the deeper layer would be older because that layer of rock had to be laid there first before the other layer.

21. According to evolutionists, what type of cell is believed to be the first on earth and the one that gave rise to all other life? Prokaryotes (bacteria, single-celled)

22. Two characteristics that help organisms remain “fit” are mimicry and camouflage. a. What is mimicry? b. What is camouflage? Looking similar to other species to ward off predators Blending in with surrounding environment to escape capture or being preyed upon.

23. Natural selection occurs at which level? Individual or population

24. The following animals in the diagram below are similar; this would be an example of what type of evolution. Convergent Evolution

25. The following animals in the diagram below are similar; this would be an example of what type of evolution. 25. The following animals in the diagram below are similar; this would be an example of what type of evolution. Divergent Evolution

26. Adaptive radiation is associated with which type of evolution? Divergent

27. Put the fossils the diagram in order of youngest to oldest. 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

28. What key concept of evolution is represented in the diagram to the right? Homologous Structures and divergent evolution

29. Using evidence of evolution, please answer the following questions using the choices provided. A. Homologous Structure A. Homologous Structure B. Analogous Structure B. Analogous Structure C. Vestigial Structure C. Vestigial Structure D. Molecular/Biochemical Evidence D. Molecular/Biochemical Evidence E. Fossil Evidence E. Fossil Evidence F. Embryological Evidence F. Embryological Evidence G. Biogeographical Evidence G. Biogeographical Evidence

Using your evidence of evolution charts, please answer the following questions using the choices provided. 29. A modified structure seen among different groups of descendants. _____A______ 29. A modified structure seen among different groups of descendants. _____A______ 30. In the earliest stages of development, a tail and gill slits can be seen in rabbits, fish, birds and humans. ___F___ 30. In the earliest stages of development, a tail and gill slits can be seen in rabbits, fish, birds and humans. ___F___ 31. Exemplified by forelimbs of bats, penguins, lizards, and monkeys. ____A_____ 31. Exemplified by forelimbs of bats, penguins, lizards, and monkeys. ____A_____ 32. The forelimbs of flightless birds. _____C______ 32. The forelimbs of flightless birds. _____C______ 33. DNA and RNA comparisons may lead to evolutionary trees or cladograms. ____D______ 33. DNA and RNA comparisons may lead to evolutionary trees or cladograms. ____D______ 34. Bird and Butterfly wings have same function but different structures. _____B______ 34. Bird and Butterfly wings have same function but different structures. _____B______ 35. A body structure no longer used but may have had a function in an early ancestor. ____C_______ 35. A body structure no longer used but may have had a function in an early ancestor. ____C_______ 36. Structure associated with divergent evolution. _______A_________ 36. Structure associated with divergent evolution. _______A_________ 37. Structure associated with convergent evolution. ______B_________ 37. Structure associated with convergent evolution. ______B_________ 38. Geographic Isolation would fit into this category. _____G_________ 38. Geographic Isolation would fit into this category. _____G_________