First – up  Complete reading and handout questions 1,3,4 “The Peopling of the World.”  Also answer the following questions: 1. Why was the invention of farming important in Human history? 2. Create a T-Chart explaining the positives and negatives in farming societies. 3. Use the 5 features of civilization to describe the United States.

First -up Use the 7 characteristics of civilization to create a chart to illustrate DETAILED examples of civilization from the perspective of the United States. Characteristics US Examples Political economic Religion Arts/Architecture Cities Public Works Writing

First- Up (Short Answer 10 minutes) 1. What evidence is there for the “Out of Africa” Theory of Human migration? 2. In what ways were Paleolithic societies different from Neolithic ones? 3. What positives and negatives were associated with early farming communities? 4. How is a civilization different from earlier human farming communities (For example: How is Sumer different than Catal Huyuk?)? 5. Explain one concept you learned from the homework that you did not know before.

First –Up: Review Questions  What was the Neolithic revolution?  What is the difference between the way Paleolithic people and Neolithic people lived? – Can create a T-Cart or Venn Diagram.  Why did early people settle near River Valleys?  What are the 7 major characteristics of Civilization?

PERSIAN Charts  P=Political (leaders, government, laws)  E= Economy (How people make a living like trade or growing surplus crops)  R=Religion (Beliefs, Texts, Ceremonies)  S=Social (how people live and how they are organized)  I=Inventions/Innovations (Discoveries or innovations)  A=Arts & Architecture (Structures and artworks)  N=Near(Geography, landforms and waterways near a place)

River Valley Civilizations

Objective of the Day:  To understand and explain the characteristics of the 4 major river valley civilizations.

What makes a Civilization? There are 7 major Characteristics the make a Civilization: 1. Central Government 2. Social Classes/ Job Specification 3. Complex Religion 4. Arts/ Architecture

5. Cities 6. Public Works 7. Writing

Mesopotamia (Land Between the Rivers) Civilization II Civilization II

Mesopotamian Civilization  The world’s first Civilization.  Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers settled in the region known as the Fertile Crescent.  Floods brought fresh water and fertile soil to the region from the mountains.  People began to gather and live together developing political centers called city- states throughout the region, each with its own king.

Religion  They were Polytheistic- meaning believing in more than one god.  Believed they were responsible for keeping the gods happy.  Believed the afterlife was a dark & dreadful colorless place where their souls roamed forever in nothingness.  They built temples called Ziggurats to appease and house their gods.

Sargon of Akkad  About 2300 BCE Sargon conquered the Mesopotamian region creating an Empire.  He became the first to unify the region under one government, his Akkadian Empire.  When Sargon died, his empire fell apart into warring City-States ruled by local kings. SARGON

Hammurabi  Around 1790 BCE he conquered all of Mesopotamia to create the Babylonian Empire.  Although a strong ruler, he is most known for codifying the laws of his Empire into 282 written laws.  He had them carved in stone in every city for all citizens to see.  Punishments were harsh and based on the belief of “eye for an eye.”

Hammurabi (Other Laws) Law 5: If a judge makes an error through his own fault when trying a case, he must pay a fine, be removed from the judge’s bench, and never judge another case. Law 195: If a son strikes his father, the son’s hands shall be cut off. Law 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. Law 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. Law 198. If he put out the eye of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina. Law 199. If he put out the eye of a man's slave, he shall pay one-half of its value. Discussion Questions: 1. Why DO YOU believe these laws were so harsh? 2. What do these laws tell us about life in Sumer?

Inventions/ Innovations  Writing (Cuneiform)  The Wheel  Calendars based on 12 months and 30 days each.  Astronomy (Charted stars and constellations)  Mathematics (Algebra & Geometry)  The Plow  First stories (Epic of Gilgamesh)  Why would these inventions be important to the Mesopotamian Civilization? Innovations of Mesopotamia

Cuneiform Alphabet -Why do you and your partner believe writing was invented during the Neolithic era and not earlier?

EGYPT (Nile River Civilization)

NILE

Egypt  First settled by nomadic hunter-gatherers.  The Nile river flooded bringing fresh water and soil necessary for farming.  As the civilization grew, strong leaders known as Pharaohs ruled Egypt as the head of government and religion (Theocracy).  Pharaohs built large tombs called pyramids for the afterlife.  Egyptians were polytheistic, and believed people lived on in the afterlife.  Egypt Egypt  1. What can we learn about Egyptian life from this short video clip? (4 things) MUMMY

Indus Valley  Located on the Indian Subcontinent in modern day Pakistan.  Communities grew along the Indus River in two large sister cities, Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa.  Economy was based on agriculture and trade.  Their civilization quickly collapsed from natural disaster and invasion.  Little is known about them because their written language has yet to be translated.

Indus Valley Culture  Cities were well planned and homes had running water and sewer systems throughout it.  The Aryan invaders brought Hinduism into the region. Their religion is carried in books known as Vedas.  Aryans were Warrior Nomadic Herders from Indo-Europe with iron tools and weapons.  Hinduism is a polytheistic religion that enforces the ideas of dharma, reincarnation, and karma. In Hinduism people are not equal and are born in the social class and occupation they will remain in their entire life.  Caste Caste

River Civilization  China’s civilization began on the Huang He River in North Central China.  Known as the “Yellow” River b/c of the yellow silt deposits.  Early settlers fished until agriculture (rice) was developed.  Agriculture allowed people to settle into the region and create the fourth early civilization.

Shang Dynasty China  China’s early civilizations were protected from invasion by the Gobi Desert & the Himalayan Mnts. This allowed Chinese civilization & populations to grow.  Leaders emerged as kings and set up Dynasties, or ruling families.  Shang rulers created “Mandate of Heaven” which states that a king’s right to rule comes from the gods.  They were polytheistic, and believed their ancestor’s spirits could talk to the gods. (They also practiced human sacrifice).

DYNASTIC CYCLE (China)

Shang Civilization  Developed writing in the form of pictographs.  Developed a 12 month, 365 day calendar.  Developed silks, porcelain, and musical wind instruments.  Social classes were organized from kings at the top to peasants and slaves at the bottom.  Economy based on agriculture and trade.

Closing Task: Exit Card  In short, explain what you believe to be the top 3 discoveries, innovations, or inventions by these early civilizations.