Grammar 201 Linguistic Complexity

A Review:  You should be able to define all of these:  Sentence  Fragment  Subject  Predicate  Simple predicate  Complete predicate  Direct object  Indirect object  Subject complement  Predicate nominative  Predicate adjective

Punctuation Rules  Comma (, ):  Between direct objects in a list  Eggbert ate eggs, eggs, eggs, and eggs.  NOT between compound direct objects.  Eggbert ate eggs and bacon.  Between subject complements in a list:  He was angry, tired, and bored.  NOT between compound subject compliments:  He was angry and tired.  Between listed subjects/predicates  Sleepy, Doc, and Dopey were mopey.  NOT between compound subjects/predicates  Sleepy and Doc were mopey.

 Semicolon ( ; ):  Between parts of a sentence in a list if the items themselves contain commas:  Get me grits; green, growing grass; and grippers.  Before some conjunctions in compound-complex sentences:  I always miss students during breaks; however, I do really like sleeping and not grading essays.  Colon ( : ):  Before a list that is not a compound direct object or a subject complement:  Bring this list: apples, grapes, and pears.  NOT before a direct object!

S ENTENCE A NALYSIS Charting the parts of a sentence

2 L EVEL A NALYSIS Step 1: Identify the part of speech for each word in the sentence. Step 2: Identify the parts of the sentence (subject, predicate, direct object, etc.) Example: Ishmael eventually appreciated Queequeg and his customs. n. Adv.V. (action)N.conj.adj. N. subject predicate compound direct obj

R E -C AP Parts of Speech: noun Verb Adjective Adverb Conjunction Pronoun Conjunction Article Preposition

R E -C AP Parts of Sentence Subject Predicate Direct Object Indirect Object

Y OUR T URN : John gave the young poet a lesson in effective metaphor.

A NSWERS John gave the young poet a lesson in effective metaphor. N V art adj N art N prep adj N S Pred IO DO

Y OUR T URN Mozart wrote rapidly, intensely, and with extreme concentration.

A NSWERS Mozart wrote rapidly, intensely, and with extreme concentration. N V ADV ADV art prep adj N Subj Pred

Y OUR T URN Slowly, Aladdin told his crew the story of the ancient quest.

A NSWERS Slowly, Aladdin told his crew the story of the ancient quest. adv N V pron N art N prep art adj N Subj Pred IO DO

Y OUR T URN In the wake of the disaster, everyone seemed determined.

A NSWERS In the wake of the disaster, everyone seemed determined. Prep art N prep art N pron V adj Subj Pred

The angry citizens elected Shane their leader. This is the very reason for our unusual caution. The loquacious Churchill had given Stalin an ultimatum. The mortified paleontologist will never give the cranium to Jones.

PHRASES

Phrases  A PHRASE is a group of words that does not contain a subject and its predicate and that acts as a single part of the sentence  A phrase is not a complete idea because it is missing a subject/predicate set and acts as a single part of speech – it behaves like a word

Prepositional Phrases  Begins with a preposition and usually concludes with the object of the preposition.  Behave as modifiers in the sentence  Examples:  The dog leapt over the fence to chase the ball.  The runner sprinted across the finish line.  The teacher crumbled on her desk and cried into the giant pile of essays.  We only put commas after a prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence because it acts as an introductory phrase:  From the start of the race, Janie knew she’d have to push herself to run faster.

Appositive Phrase  Serves as interruption and offers a definition (or modifier)  These can be pulled from the sentence without changing the meaning or focus of the idea  Example:  Hamlet, the Renaissance painter, painted angels.  NOT: My friend John is a woodworking artist.  We always enclose appositive states and years in commas:  Athens, Greece, is the site of the Parthenon.  June 20, 1997, was the date of the departure.

Verbal Phrases  A verbal IS NOT a verb – it is a former verb doing a new job.  There are 3 verbals:  Gerund: an –ing verb used as a noun Expanding the empire was Alexander’s dream. The gerund is “Expanding the empire” and serves as the subject of the sentence. Socrates enjoyed debating difficult problems. The gerund is “debating difficult problems” and serves as the direct object.

 Participle: an adjective made out of any verb form. Participles always act as adjectives and may or may not be part of a participial phrase Participle: The rotting fence badly needed repaired. Introductory Participial Phrase: Approaching the camp, Eugene moved quietly. Participial Phrase: Below he saw the mob waiting patiently.  Infinitive: a noun or modifier made from the to form of the verb, usually expressed with the word to (unless it’s a bare infinitive, which means the to is implied) Noun: To read is always a pleasure Adj: The book to read is Moby Dick. Adv: I live to read.

Step 1: Identify all parts of speech. Step 2: Identify parts of the sentence. Step 3: Identify any phrases. Meeting you and him has been a real pleasure. n pn conj pn v v art adj n subj p----- subj comp gerund phrase----

Painting the fence pleased everyone except Huckleberry.

N art N V pron adj N S pred ---gerund phrase---

All of us loved celebrating her accomplishments. Darius, the frightened emperor, saw the Macedonians. When will you have stopped eating cookies?

Michelangelo was asked to paint the lofty ceiling. Reading the classics, Gregor dreamed of becoming an author. The eradicate the pathogenic organisms required elaborate preparation. The plaster ceiling, heavily cracked, fell to the floor.

CLAUSES

CLAUSE A group of words that contains a subject and its predicate The idea is that a clause is a closing – a clause has both a subject, which opens a topic, and a predicate, which closes the topic, so it opens and closes an idea Clauses can be independent, making sense by themselves or dependent and need to be connected to an independent clause to make sense

STRUCTURES AND PURPOSES

 Based on clauses, there are FOUR sentence structures:  Simple: a one-clause sentence  The rogue elephant crashed through the fence.  Compound: a sentence with two or more independent clauses  The rogue elephant crashed through the fence, and we ran to the barn for safety.  Complex: a sentence with an independent clause joined to a dependent clause  Because Joseph laughed, the older brother turned back.  Compound-Complex: combines compound and complex structures  At first the warnings were minor, and we had begun to relax when suddenly we heard rumblings from the gorge. STRUCTURES

 Sentences have unique purposes:  Declarative sentences that states  I will run another half marathon this summer.  Interrogative sentences ask a question  Do I dare to eat a peach?  Imperative sentences give a command  Do not go gentle into that good night.  Exclamatory sentences exclaim  I will eat all the cookies! PURPOSES

4 LEVEL SENTENCE ANALYSIS

Woo! 4 Levels!  Step 1: Identify the parts of speech.  Step 2: Identify the parts of the sentence.  Step 3: Identify phrases.  Step 4: Identify the structure and purpose of the sentence.