PORTS Marina Zanne

Introduction interface between land and sea transport weakest link in a transport chain gateway as it is that through the ports countries trade with the rest of the world port users: ships, cargo/passengers, land carriers different port administrative structures port planning

Ports Port authority Inspection Towage, pilotage TerminalsStevadorsCustoms Freigh forwarders, agents Land carries Ships Cargo State Economy, IM/EX comp Banks

Ports The ship Cargo / passengers Land carriers Government responsabilities Immigration Customs Health Labour inspection Charges Charges made by the port authority Charges made by others

Users – The ship channels fairways, breakwaters etc. turning areas, docks, locks etc aids to navigation repair areas and services navigation information and radio-telephone service pilotage towage provisions, stores and bunkering infrastucture services

Users – Cargo / passengers sheds cargo and passenger terminals stacking areas warehouses tankfarms and silos for liquid commodities cranes and various handling appliances cargo handling lighterage superstucture services

Users – Land carriers roads railway tracks marshalling yards waiting docks lorry and car parks pipes lorry appointment schemes wagon appointment schemes infrastucture services superstucture

Container terminal

Bulk ship / terminal

LNG terminal

Types of port governance service port, tool port, landlord port and private port.

Service port land and all assets are owned by government, and managed by a port authority performance of operations is under the control of the port authority the perception is that privatization increases port efficiency  number of service ports worldwide has steadily declined services privatization assets privatization (mainly in UK)

Tool port land and assets owned by government, and managed by a port authority cargo-handling activities are provided by private cargo- handling firms

Landlord port the port is owned by government and managed by a port authority the port authority of a landlord port gives up its control over port operations by leasing the port’s infrastructure to private terminal operators for their operation of the port private terminal operators may provide and maintain their own buildings, purchase and install their own equipment on the port’s grounds, and hire dockworkers.

Private port land and infrastructure are privately owned and the operations are under the control of the private owner or a private operator to which the operations of the port are leased

Types of port governance Financial institutions are interested in investing in private port terminal operators. Source: RMT 2009,

Types of port governance Port type Responsability Service portTool port Landlord port Private service port InfrastructureState Private SuperstructureState Private Port employeesStatePrivate Other tasksMainily public Misc Mainly private

Port planning day-to-day information berth status expected arrivals and departures man/plant employment (shortage/surplus) periodical information works and maintenance progress reports operations: statistics, ratios, indicators finance: financial results

Port planning outside the port trade trends (local/national) commercial shipping the port in the public eye

Port planning – Statistics & performance indicators general activity statistics; port‘s role in national economy: no. of ships in/out aggregate tonnage of ships in/out total tonnage of cargoes in/out (passengers)  followed by more detailed statistics technical/operational statistics; cargo andling activities in refernce to capacities: handling rates & transfer modes between ship and land conveyances (or ships) cost and revenue analysis; financial performance of the port  predicting from the past performance

Port planning – Performance indicators production rates; port/berth/cargo performance index [tonnes/hour] berth occupancy factor; superficial throughput; [tonnes/square metre/year] overall perfomance indicator; total tonnage in/out, aggregate ship‘s time in port, cost of ship‘s idle time, number of ships, average dwell time of cargo, average value of cargo per tonne, aggregate handling costs including idle time of labour and euipment.

Sources & further reading Baudelaire J.-G.: Port administration and management,1986 Port reform toolkit (2007),