Nationalism The Unification of Germany and Italy

What is Nationalism? Write this on the bottom or back of your timeline Love of a nation & its people, not necessarily its ruler Common Bonds: Ethnic ancestry Language Culture History Religion Territory

Germany In the 1800’s Germany was a region but not a nation 39 states, dominated by Austria and Prussia Austria’s population was ethnically diverse Prussia’s population was German

1861 Prussia begins Unification Wilhelm I takes the throne Doubles Army Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister Realpolitik, “politics of reality” rules without parliament or legal budget Otto von Bismarck Wilhelm I

1864 Allies with Austria Attacks Denmark, gains territory Divides land between Austria and Prussia Otto von Bismarck To Austria To Prussia

1866 Provokes war with Austria “Seven Weeks’ war” won by Prussia Prussia controls all of Northern Germany

Forces a “national” war against France All of Germany follows Prussia France is soundly defeated German Empire with Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm I as its leader Napoleon III

Results France hands over the border valley of Alsace- Lorraine Balance of Power in Europe is destroyed in favor of Prussia A Strong German nation that could threaten Russia or France

Italy Once center of Roman Empire Since then divided into Small States, ruled by Princes By 1800’s real power was Austria But possessed all requirements of nationalism

Unification 1858 Sardinia, Strongest of the Italian States, Constitutional Monarchy Wants unity for personal power Allies with France against Austria Gains lands in the North Camillo di Cavour Victor Emmanuel

1860—Giuseppe Garibaldi “Red Shirts”, loyal 1,000 volunteers Nationalists Captures Sicily and marches north towards Rome Met by King of Sardinia and his army agrees to give Southern Italy to King

The Final Pieces 1866 Austria losses war with Prussia With Austria distracted Italy attacks gains Venice 1870 France, who had backed the Pope, losses war with Prussia Italy captures Rome, Unites all of Italy

Results Ruled by constitutional king Divide by regions, industrial north vs. agricultural south Internal problems: politics, strikes, peasant revolts United but a WEAK Nation

Germany Leaders— William I, Otto von Bismarck Franco- Prussian War Seven Weeks’ War Resulting government: German empire Austria left out of the confederation Resistance by liberals Catholic— Protestant divisions Prussia led unification drive Both Leaders— aristocrats Many separate states united by spirit of nationalism One state led unification At start, some territories and states held by foreign powers Italy Leaders— Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel II War with Austria Resulting government: United Kingdom Treaty left Pope in control of Vatican City Cultural divisions remain between industrial north and agricultural south Majority Catholic Sardinia led unification drive

Make sure your timeline has these dates listed on it: 1858-Italy wants land to unite, allies with Prussia 1860-Nationalists rise up in Italy 1861-Prussia unites 1864-Prussia allies with Austria 1866-Prussia starts war with Austria Prussia starts war with France German Empire begins Italy captures Rome and unites all of Italy