 Describe the events in France following the Congress of Vienna, up to the Revolutions of 1848  Describe Russia in the 19 th Century. Be as detailed as possible with specific czars and problems or achievements.

 Explain and analyze the events in Europe following the Congress of Vienna through the Revolutions of 1848 and up to the 20 th century. ◦ Be sure to discuss nationalism in all of your analysis, and include France and Russia in your response. ◦ You may not use the book, but you may use any notes relating to the subject material.

World History and Geography II

 Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe  French revolted (recession, poor harvest, & demand for wider suffrage- -right to vote)  Louis Philippe to abdicate  Created a second republic  Louis Napoleon (nephew) became Emperor of France (Napoleon III)  Second republic ended

 Revolts in Paris set off revolutions across Europe  Revolutions went against the traditional monarchies (CONSERVATIVE) ◦ LIBERAL Political Philosophy (suffrage, basic rights, etc.)  Why did the revolutions fail?  Rulers’ use of military force  Revolutionaries did not have mass support ◦ Liberalism vs. Radical/Socialism--Weakened

 Unlike rest of Europe, Britain expanded political rights through legislative means  Britain first European power to abolish slave trade

 Explain the role nationalism played in the Unification of Italy and Germany. Be specific and detailed.

 Decisions of Congress of Vienna especially unpopular in Italy and German states.  Revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions and eventually led to unification movements Question: What is the root of unification? Nationalism

 National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals = nationalism  Hatred of Napoleon led to a growing sense of pride and nationalism  National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals = nationalism  Hatred of Napoleon led to a growing sense of pride and nationalism I love all things German! I know… lets form a unified country! Napoleon was an awful foreign ruler, but at least we realized how much Italian city-states have in common!

The Italian Nationalist Movement

 Mazzini: an intellectual  Count Cavour: Statesman ◦ Prime Minister of Sardinia  Garibaldi: Fighter ◦ Leader of the “Red Shirts”  Mazzini: an intellectual  Count Cavour: Statesman ◦ Prime Minister of Sardinia  Garibaldi: Fighter ◦ Leader of the “Red Shirts”

Mazzini founds Young Italy (1830’s)

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858)

Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Not yet

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 By 1870, Italian unification was complete Count Cavour unified Northern Italy (1858) Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy ( ) Papal States (and Rome) added in 1870 By 1870, Italian unification was complete

Nationalism as used by Otto Von Bismarck

 – Napoleon conquered portions of German-speaking lands & dissolved Holy Roman Empire  1815 – Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation (a weak alliance)  1848 – Liberals in the Frankfurt Assembly offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia but he rejected a throne offered by “the people.”  – Napoleon conquered portions of German-speaking lands & dissolved Holy Roman Empire  1815 – Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation (a weak alliance)  1848 – Liberals in the Frankfurt Assembly offered the throne of a united German state to Frederick William IV of Prussia but he rejected a throne offered by “the people.”

It is not by means of speeches & majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided - but by blood & iron.

 Strengthened Prussian army  Realpolitick, or “realistic politics” based on needs of state and justifies any means to achieve and hold power (e.g., Machiavelli)  Led Prussia into 3 wars (Denmark, Austria, & France) --increased Prussian power and paved way for German unity ◦ Franco-Prussian War  WAR and NATIONALISM

 Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War  Powerful German state, the Second Reich, was born ◦ Reich = empire (heir to the Holy Roman Empire)  Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War  Powerful German state, the Second Reich, was born ◦ Reich = empire (heir to the Holy Roman Empire) Germany is Unified! (1870)

 William I of Prussia becomes Kaiser (emperor) and Bismarck Chancellor of the newly unified Germany (Deutschland)

 Explain how the Congress of Vienna shaped the events in Europe during the 19 th Century.  Explain the influence of the nationalism on the revolutions in the world. Be specific about the roots of nationalism and outside influences.  Explain and analyze the events and ideas which led to the unification movement in Germany.