Earth’s Movement

Rotation Earth rotates on its axis once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. Earth rotates on its axis once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. What is another term we might use for rotating? What is another term we might use for rotating? spinning spinning Rotation on its axis causes what? Rotation on its axis causes what? Day and night

How fast are we spinning? 467 m/s counterclockwise when viewed from above the north pole 467 m/s counterclockwise when viewed from above the north pole An animation of earth’s rotation and revolution. An animation of earth’s rotation and revolution. tml

Revolution Our revolution around the sun is also called our orbit. Our revolution around the sun is also called our orbit. The earth’s orbit is shaped like an ellipse. The earth’s orbit is shaped like an ellipse. We revolve around the sun once every days. We revolve around the sun once every days. What do we call that period of time? What do we call that period of time? A year A year

Kepler’s Laws 1 st law: each planet orbits the Sun in a shape called an ellipse. 1 st law: each planet orbits the Sun in a shape called an ellipse.

2 nd law: An imaginary line sweeps equal amounts of area in equal amounts of time hence planets move fastest when they are closest to the Sun 2 nd law: An imaginary line sweeps equal amounts of area in equal amounts of time hence planets move fastest when they are closest to the Sun

3rd Law: P (orbital period) squared equals a (semimajor axis of the orbital ellipse) cubed. 3rd Law: P (orbital period) squared equals a (semimajor axis of the orbital ellipse) cubed. Or P 2 = a 3

Mercury’s Orbit/Rotation Compare Mercury’s orbit to Earth’s Compare Mercury’s orbit to Earth’s ives/messenger/or/OrbitRotation.html

Revolution Continued The sun is not directly in the center of Earth’s elliptical orbit. The sun is not directly in the center of Earth’s elliptical orbit. ysics/mechanics/orbit/perihelion_aphelion.html

Seasons The perihelion and aphelion are not responsible for the seasons but rather the tilt of Earth’s axis. The perihelion and aphelion are not responsible for the seasons but rather the tilt of Earth’s axis. ions/seasons_ecliptic.swf ions/seasons_ecliptic.swf

Seasons

Seasons

Summer solstice: the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. Summer solstice: the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. Winter solstice: the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn Winter solstice: the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn Equinox: “equal nights”; the axis is not pointed at the Sun Equinox: “equal nights”; the axis is not pointed at the Sun Autumnal – the northern hemisphere is beginning to tilt away from the Sun Autumnal – the northern hemisphere is beginning to tilt away from the Sun Vernal – the northern hemisphere is beginning to tilt toward the Sun Vernal – the northern hemisphere is beginning to tilt toward the Sun

Precession The wobble in Earth’s rotational axis. The wobble in Earth’s rotational axis. Currently the axis points toward Polaris – by 14,000 the axis will point toward Vega Currently the axis points toward Polaris – by 14,000 the axis will point toward Vega In this alignment winter will occur in the northern hemisphere when we are at aphelion so winters will be very cold and summer will occur when we are at perihelion so summers will be very hot. In this alignment winter will occur in the northern hemisphere when we are at aphelion so winters will be very cold and summer will occur when we are at perihelion so summers will be very hot.

Nutation A small oscillation in the precession of earth’s rotation. A small oscillation in the precession of earth’s rotation.

Barycenter The point between two objects where they balance each other. The point between two objects where they balance each other.

Earth-Moon Barycenter video Earth-Moon Barycenter video Earth-Moon Barycenter video Earth-Moon Barycenter video

Earth's Movement video Earth's Movement video Earth's Movement video Earth's Movement video

Tides Periodic rise and fall of sea level Caused by the moon’s and to a lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull on the earth

Spring Tide the largest tidal ranges – differences in high and low tide Occur when the moon, sun and earth are aligned or at the full moon or new moon phases

Neap tide Lowest tidal range Occurs when the moon is perpendicular to the earth sun alignment

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Earth Solar System Galaxy Local Group Local Supercluster Universe

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Earth’s Shape Earth is not a perfect sphere. Earth is not a perfect sphere. Rotation of the planet has slightly flattened it out, so it has a larger diameter at the equator than at the poles. Rotation of the planet has slightly flattened it out, so it has a larger diameter at the equator than at the poles. The equatorial diameter of Earth is 12,756 km, its polar diameter is 12,713 km. The equatorial diameter of Earth is 12,756 km, its polar diameter is 12,713 km.

Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory Steady State Theory Steady State Theory Inflation Theory Inflation Theory

 The most widely accepted theory for the formation of our universe is the Big Bang Theory first proposed in the 1930s.  Time began billion years ago when all the matter in the universe exploded from a singularity a dense point with a infinitely small volume.  As matter and energy began to move outward gravity caused the matter to condense and form galaxies.

The universe appears to be expanding. The universe appears to be expanding. The Big Bang predicts that the composition of the universe should be 75% hydrogen and 25% helium which it is. The Big Bang predicts that the composition of the universe should be 75% hydrogen and 25% helium which it is. The Big Bang explosion should have left behind radiation. The Cosmic Background Radiation was first detected in The Big Bang explosion should have left behind radiation. The Cosmic Background Radiation was first detected in 1965.

Proposes that the universe looks the same and has always looked that way Proposes that the universe looks the same and has always looked that way Proposes that new matter is created and added to the universe as it expands Proposes that new matter is created and added to the universe as it expands

proposes a period of extremely rapid (exponential) expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual Big Bang expansion proposes a period of extremely rapid (exponential) expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual Big Bang expansion

Formation of our Solar System Nebula – a cloud of dust and gas Nebular theory: the sun and planets formed from a rotating disk of dust and gases. As the speed of rotation increased the disk would flatten and matter became more concentrated in the center which formed the sun As the speed of rotation increased the disk would flatten and matter became more concentrated in the center which formed the sun The growth of planets began as solid bits of matter began to clump together The growth of planets began as solid bits of matter began to clump together