Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Chapter 8 Emotion and Motivation This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images Any rental, lease or lending of the program. ISBN:

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Do Our Emotions Do For Us? Emotions have evolved to help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression People everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions: sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise There are, however, huge cultural differences in the context and intensity of emotional displays

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Cultural Universals in Emotional Expression Display rules – Permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Emotion Wheel

Microexpressions Paul Ekman studied minute facial expressions that are innate and last for less than 1/2 second. Difficult to hide. The tell the truth about our emotions. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Which is the Hardest to Control? 1.Tone of Voice is very difficult to control. Higher pitch indicates lying. 2.Body Gestures more difficult to control than Facial Expressions. 3.Facial Expressions easiest to control. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions? Although emotional responses are not always consciously regulated, we can learn to control them

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Developing Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence – Ability to understand and control emotional responses Emotional control can be achieved by learning

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Detecting Deception People can also control their emotions to deceive Do “lie detectors” really work? Polygraph – Device that records the graphs of many measures of physical arousal; often called a “lie detector” really an arousal detector

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do? Motivation – All processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Types of Motivation Drive – Biologically instigated motivation Motive – Internal mechanism that directs behavior (often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather that biologically based)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Types of Motivation Intrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake Extrinsic motivation – Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (e.g. a reward)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivating Yourself Flow – An intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings Involves intrinsic motivation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Theories of Motivation 1.Instinct theory – View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors Fixed-action patterns – (birds fly south) Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Theories of Motivation 2.Drive theory – View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces drive Homeostasis – The body’s tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition

Arousal Theory The Inverted U Theory: those who require a higher level of stimulation to maintain their personal level of homeostasis. Sensation/Thrill Seekers operate according to this theory of motivation. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Theories of Motivation Cognitive Theory Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate–internally or externally Learned Helplessness: passive resignation following recurring failure or punishment.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Maslow’s Humanistic Theory 3.Hierarchy of needs – The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hunger Motivation The multiple-systems approach to hunger Set point – Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight Weight control is a complex issue with no simple answers

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 How and Why Do We Experience Stress? The human stress response to perceived threat activates thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and physiological arousal that normally promote adaptation and survival

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stress and Stressors Stress – A physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation Stressor – a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Traumatic Stressors Traumatic stressor – a situation that threatens one’s physical safety, arousing feelings of feel, horror, or helplessness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Posttraumatic Stress Posttraumatic stress disorder – delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily re-experiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Physical Stress Response Acute stress – A temporary pattern of arousal caused by a stressor with a clear onset and offset Chronic stress – A continuous state of stressful arousal persisting over time

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Physical Stress Response Fight-or-flight response – A sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape Tend-and-befriend model – stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stress and the Immune System Immune system – bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Stress and the Immune System Psychoneuroimmunology – Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states on the immune system Cytokines – Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Personality and Stress Type A – behavior pattern characterized by intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations Type B – behavior pattern characterized by a relaxed, unstressed approach to life

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychological Responses to Stress Learned helplessness – Pattern of not responding to noxious stimuli after an organism learns that its behavior has no effect

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychological Responses to Stress Resilience – Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats to development

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivating Yourself Flow – An intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings Involves intrinsic motivation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 End of Chapter 8