©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Period after the destruction of Solomon’s Temple Religious factions during the second temple era Sadducees Members of priestly families Accepted only the Torah as sacred, not the other books Pharisees Focus on preserving piety through careful observation of religious laws and traditions Accepted more books as part of the canon Later developed into Rabbinical Judaism Zealots Opposed to foreign influences, sometimes violently Essenes Communal, celibate life Probably responsible for Dead Sea Scrolls

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Period after the destruction of Solomon’s Temple End of the second temple era Became part of Roman empire in 6 C.E. Major revolt against Roman rule in 66 C.E. Romans crushed revolt, retook Jerusalem Temple and much of Jerusalem destroyed in 70 C.E. Destruction of Temple became major turning point in Judaism Ended the power of the priesthood Moved focus of religion to scriptures and scripture interpretation

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rabbinical Judaism before the Reform Canon of scripture established possibly as early as 90 C.E. The Talmud, translated study, was developed from the following: Interpretive work “midrash” became a central focus of Judaism “Mishnah” translated repetition, philosophical study of Biblical laws and application 200 C.E. “Gemara” translated supplement—more commentary about 400 C.E.

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sections of the Hebrew Scripture As a whole, it is called the Tanak Torah (the Teachings) Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy Nevi’im (the Prophets) Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, “The Book of the Twelve” which includes Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi Ketuvim (the Writings) Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra- Nehemiah, and Chronicles

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rabbinical Judaism before the Reform The diaspora (dispersion of Jews throughout the world outside of Israel) was the result of forced exile after revolt in 135 C.E. Renewed interest in mysticism became a strong movement The Kabbalah, translated received or handed down, is the body of Jewish mystical literature. Common view in Jewish mysticism is that the Hebrew Scripture was written in code Favors symbolic interpretations as opposed to literal interpretations.

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rabbinical Judaism before the Reform Persecutions recurring Many killed during crusades Blamed for deaths in bubonic plague Spanish inquisition in 1492 C.E. More Cultural divisions of Sephardic and Ashkenazic branches of Judaism formed during this time.

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culturally Based Divisions of Judaism Sephardic Jews Jews who emigrated from Southern Spain due to the Spanish Inquisition. Common language—Ladino—a mixture of Spanish and Hebrew Ashkenazic Jews Jews who lived in or came from central Europe Common language—Yiddish—a mixture of German and Hebrew Other Jewish cultures Falasha Jews of Ethiopia Several others—western India, Yemen, Iraq, etc.

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rabbinical Judaism after the Reform The reform of Judaism began during the Renaissance through approx C.E. The reform led some Jewish people to move away from traditional Judaism toward a modern approach that would allow them to blend into mainstream culture. Others reacted with a renewed zeal for traditionalism, leading to Hasidic movement. Hasidic means devotion or piety. It emphasized devout adherence to tradition and an emotional ecstatic sense of worship.

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rabbinical Judaism after the Reform Persecution continues and intensifies—Hitler and the Holocaust Millions tortured, enslaved and murdered Creation of the State of Israel Zionism—movement leading to creation of Israel Established by United Nations Ongoing tensions between Israelis and Palestinians

©2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Branches of Contemporary Judaism Orthodox Small minority Traditional—committed to following traditional practices and beliefs Males and females separated at synagogue services Services conducted in Hebrew and led by male Rabbis Only males have coming of age ceremony Men use talit and tefillin at morning prayers’ Men must wear head covering as reminder God is above all Men earn the living and women do housework Beard and hair in front of ears is left uncut by males Strict kosher rules kept Strictest interpretations of Sabbath laws kept