Atlas A p.28

Anatomical Position Stand erect, feet shoulder width apart Arms at side Palms supine – Supine – face forward – Prone – face backward

3 Types Anatomical Planes

Directional Terms *Dorsum – back of the hand and upper surface of the foot (consider stance of the cat)

2 Major body regions 1.Axial – head, neck (cervical), and trunk Trunk is divided into thoracic region- above diaphragm abdominal region- below the diaphragm 2. Appendicular – upper and lower limbs or appendages

9 Regions of the Abdomen Costal - ribs Divided by tic-tac-toe planes (lines)What type of plane is each? Midclavicular line - Clavicle = collar bone Subcostal line - Costal = ribs Intertubercle line - Tubercle = protrusion on hip bone

9 Regions of the Abdomen Costal - ribs Lateral regionsWhat does lateral mean? Hypochondros – under cartilage (false ribs) Lumbar =lower back vertebrae Inguinal – related to or located in groin

9 Regions of the Abdomen Costal - ribs Medial regionsWhich is the most superior? Epigastric - epi=above, upon; gastro=stomach Umbilical – Hypogastric – hypo = below

Appendicular Regions Upper limbs Brachial- upper arm Antebrachial – forearm Carpal – wrist Manual – hand Digit - fingers Lower limbs Femoral- thigh Crural – leg Tarsal – ankle Pedal – foor Digits - toes Segment - region between joints

Body cavities and membranes Body cavities are created when the body wall encloses an area. Cavities contain membrane-lined organs (viscera).

Many organs usually have a two-layered membrane. – visceral layer (inner) – organ surface – parietal layer (outer) – lines body cavity A fluid filled cavity is formed between the 2 membranes. Body cavities and membranes

2 Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity

Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal Cranial – brain Vertebral canal – spinal chord Are continuous with each other and are lined by three membrane layers called meninges.

Major Body Cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity 1.Abdominal (superiorly) diaphram to brim pelvis (hip) digestive organs and spleen, kidneys, and ureters 2. Pelvic (inferiorly) not separated by a wall narrow and tilts posteriorly (Fig 7A) Bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

Abdominal Cavity Is the bladder in the peritoneal cavity? Is the pancreas in the peritoneal cavity?

Abdominal Cavity Retroperitoneal –organs connected to posterior body wall with peritoneum (membrane) only on the side facing the peritoneal cavity Ex. Pancreas, kidneys (not pictured) Posterior mesentery – translucent membrane that suspends intestines from posterior (dorsal) abdominal wall Serosa - outer layer of the organ beneath the visceral layer

Inflammation of Cavity Linings Pleural effusion - excessive fluid around the lungs (pleura) Symptoms – Chest pain worse with cough – rapid or shortness of breath Common Cause – congestive heart failure heart is not efficient at pumping blood – Blood or fluid backs up into some organs and cavity linings Risks – Exerts pressure on lungs making it difficult for lungs to expand – Lung damage or collapse

Inflammation of Cavity Linings Pericardial effusion – excessive fluid around the heart (pericardium) Common Causes – often related to disease or injury; can occur after surgery Symptoms – Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing – Painful when inhaling or lying down Risk – Pressure on heart – Heart inefficient at delivering blood to organs and tissues

Inflammation of Cavity Linings Meningitis – excessive fluid around spine or brain (meninges) Common Causes – usually caused by viral or bacterial infection of the meninges Symptoms – Stiff neck, fever Risk – Brain damage – Hearing loss

Inflammation of Cavity Linings Peritonitis - inflammation and accumulation of fluid of peritoneum (effusion) Causes – most commonly from the spread of an infection from the digestive tract – Hepatitis, sepsis (blood infection), Symptoms – Belly is painful to touch or move – looks or feels bloated Risk – Pressure on the heart and poor circulation of blood – Poor circulation of oxygen to body

Organ Systems