Isms in 19 th Century Europe

Industrialism an economic organization of society built largely on mechanized industry rather than agriculture, craftsmanship, or commerce.organizationindustrycommerce

The Philosophers of the Industrialization *Laissez Faire - the government does not get involved in business *Free market *Enlightenment thinkers argued that government restricts the growth of markets

Urbanization - the rush of city building and movement of people to cities *Factories developed in clusters because of entrepreneurs

Living conditions changed. There were no plans for the mass amount of people. No sanitation codes or adequate housing. Disease Spread and families lived in one dark, tight room.

Working conditions became harsh. 14 hour days 6 days a week with no vacation. The factories were dangerous to work in. Coal miners often lived 10 years less than the average person.

A growing middle class caused tensions between the classes. Factory owners grew wealthier than aristocrats. Rising upper and lower middle class. Machines replaced people and the people started to riot.

Changes Louis Pasteur—improved living conditions for all people of all social classes Believed that most diseases were caused by germs Developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies

Reform Movements Social reforms—due to fear of working class violence – 10 hour workday – Ban on child labor – Queen Victoria—favored social reforms Unions—workers organized to help better working conditions Political Reforms – Reform Bill of 1832—better representation in Parliament to the middle class

Effects of Industrialization are: 1. size of cities 2. living conditions 3. working conditions 4. emerging social class (middle class)

Positives: 1. better diets 2. better housing 3. cheaper mass-produced clothing 4. expanded education opportunities 5. Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions

Nationalism Nationalists are those loyal to the people, not the king -Common history, culture, world- view, and language *Romantic nationalists believe a nation has a right to independence

Bonds that create a Nation State 1.Nationality 2. Language 3. Culture 4. History 5. Religion 6. Territory The nation state-- – Defends Territory – Represents nation to the rest of the world – Embodies the people and ideals

*Capitalism is an economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit.

Socialism *Socialism - an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. *Spread by Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon to offset the effects of industrialization

*Utilitarianism *Utilitarianism - the theory by Jeremy Bentham that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Communism *Communist Manifesto – Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels Haves vs. have nots Communism - all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally

ROMANTICISM A movement in arts and ideas where artists express emotion and interest in nature and individuals. Examples: Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Taylor Coleridge Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame - Victor Hugo

GOTHICS Horror stories usually involving fearful, violent, supernatural events EX: Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

Realism Tried to show life as it shld be EX: Charles Dickens

Isms eventually led to the unification of Germany and Italy.