FALL EXAM REVIEW SYNTAX TECHNIQUES

 The term anadiplosis is a Greek word which means “to reduplicate”. It refers to the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause.repetition  Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word “give” in the sentence “When I give, I give myself.” is termed anadiplosis as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clauserepetition ANADIPLOSIS

Francis Bacon wrote, “He retained his virtues amidst all his – misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent.” He has used “misfortune” twice to bring home to his readers the main idea he is discussing which is that misfortune is always unpredictable. From the movie Gladiator, “The general who became a slave. The slave who became a gladiator. The gladiator who defied an emperor. Striking story!” This is the dialogue from the famous movie Gladiator (2000) in which a general is sold as a slave who then had to work as a gladiator to make himself known in the arena and then defy the emperor. Look at the effects produced by the anadiplosis.dialogue EXAMPLES OF ANADIPLOSIS

 In writing or speech, the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect is known as Anaphora.repetitionAnaphora  “My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration.”  “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.”- A Tale of Two Cities ANAPHORA

 Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.  Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. For example:contrast  “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter ofdespair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct toHeaven, we were all going direct the other way.”-A Tale of Two Cities ANTHTITHESIS

 In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation “O”. A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.apostrophe  “Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.”- James Joyce  “Death be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so, For, those, whom thou think’st, thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.”- John Donne APOSTROPHE

 It is a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy.  Types of Asyndeton  Asyndeton examples may be classified into two types  A. One type of asyndeton is used between words, phrases and a sentence. For example: “Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?” (Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1 by William Shakespeare)Julius CaesarShakespeare  B. Second type is used between sentences or clauses. For example: Without looking, without making a sound, without talking (Oedipus at Colonus by Sophecles) ASYNDETON

 Syndeton and asyndeton are opposite to each other. Syndeton includes addition of multiple conjunctions such as in “He eats and sleeps and drinks.” On the other hand, asyndeton is the elimination or leaving out of conjunctions such as in “He eats, sleeps, drinks.”  Both create a completely different effect. Syndeton slows down the rhythm of speech and makes it moderate whereas asyndeton speeds up the rhythm of the speechrhythm DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNDETON AND ASYNDETON

 Ellipsis is a literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out. It is usually written between the sentences as “…”.  part from being convenient, ellipsis also helps in advancing the story.The part of a sentence or an event that is left out by substituting it with ellipses is often used to either save time or use it as a stylistic element by allowing the reader to fill in the gaps by using their imagination. ELLIPSIS

 Epistrophe is a stylistic device that can be defined as the repetitionof phrases or words at the end of the clauses or sentences. It is also called epiphora. Epistrophe examples are frequently found in literary pieces, in persuasive writing and speeches.repetitionepiphora  BRUTUS: “Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended….”love  (Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare)Julius CaesarShakespeare EPISTROPHE

 Repetition of same words at the end and start of a sentence.  "Always Low Prices. Always." (Walmart slogan)  "Music I heard with you was more than music, And bread I broke with you was more than bread." (Conrad Aiken, "Bread and Music," 1914) EPLANALEPSIS

 Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.meter  “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. –Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities PARALLELISM

 Polysyndeton is a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. Polysyndeton examples are found in literature and in day-to-day conversations.  “Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly–mostly–let them have their whiteness.” (Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings)sarcasm POLYSYNDETON

 As a rhetorical device, it could be a word, a phrase or a full sentence or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text. Repetition is not distinguished solely as a figure of speech but more as a rhetorical device.  Anadiplosis: Repetition of the last word in a line or clause. Anadiplosis  Anaphora: Repetition of words at the start of clauses or verses. Anaphora  Epanalepsis: Repetition of same words at the end and start of a sentence. Because I do not hope to turn again Because I do not hope Because I do not hope to turn… REPETITION