Civilisation des Etats-Unis 10b: Progressive Era Prof. Sämi LUDWIG

Progressive Era → reaction to Gilded Age Progressivists inherit 1892 Populist party platform 1% owns 7/8th of wealth 60 hours week civic-minded Americans college-educated against child labor, work accidents Christian Socialism (Walter Rauschenbach) Salvation Army Prohibition (18th amendment 1920 to 21st amendment 1933)

Walter Rauschenbach

“Muckrakers” (TR’s term) - Ida Tarbell‘s History of the Standard Oil Company - David Graham Phillips The Treason of the Senate - Lincoln Stephens The Shame of the Cities (1904) Municipal reform movements from negative to positive government ant. FDR? Robert M. la Follette - governor of Wisconsin - “Wisconsin Idea”

Theodore Roosevelt sickly child West Governor of New York 1901 McKinley killed TR becomes youngest president ever (age 41) 1902 invokes Sherman Antitrust Act against J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company (“railroad holding”) → doesn’t act “like a gentleman” 1902 United Mine Workers’ Strike “why, they can’t even speak English.” parties invited to White House president as negotiator recognition of U.M.W.

1904 full program of reform vs. “Old Guard” 1906 Hepburn Act (railroads) 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Meat Inspection Amendment L: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) “I’m pizened” 1905 Forest Service 150’000’000 acres of national forest selective cutting

National Monuments, later: National Parks, e.g. “Muir Woods”: save redwood trees conservation movements, e.g. John Muir’s “Sierra Club”

invites Booker T. Washington to White House vs. lynching

NAM: National Association of Manufacturers “open shop” vs. “closed shop” Charles W. Eliot calls strikebreaker “a very good type of modern hero.” private police forces Pinkerton guards Lochner vs. New York (1905) maximum hours law for bakers unconstitutional interferes with right to free contract

1908 Howard Taft elected because of TR promise hunting in Africa, Teddy Bear 1910 returns “New Nationalism” - increased cost of living, tariff fiasco - “giveaway” of Alaska mining to Guggenheims - Taft’s reputation as “anti-conservationist”

1910 G.O.P. falls apart, loses election 1912 TR’s “Bull Moose” party

1912 Woodrow Wilson elected (Democrat) President of Princeton Governor of NJ “New Freedom”: competition reform to states and municipalities Louis D. Brandeis first Jew in Supreme Court 12 Federal Reserve Banks