LOA – To be able to categorise players LOB – To understand players in responses to rising water demands LOC – To assess who has the most potential to secure water supplies LOA – 5-10mins – discuss the idea of categorising players, show the 4 responses to rising demands LOB 15 mins – go through some of the response slides, students can follow along using their student information sheet (word documents). Students then answer the 3 questions in small groups. Students feedback using the post it note task to order the importance of each player. LOC 10mins Plenary – discuss the exam question and set for HWK, students can being to plan it if there is time. The focus should be on including a broad range of players and assessing the importance of their role.

Lesson 10 Aims LOA – To be able to categorise players LOB – To understand players in responses to rising water demands LOC – To assess who has the most potential to secure water supplies Water Players and Water Solutions

Water Players and Decision makers Different players have conflicting views on water insecurity One player may have quite complex views; most Governments will have departments wanting conservation as opposed to development You need to identify the ‘stakeholders’ in any particular case study, and then the role of the ‘gatekeepers’ who wield power. The next slide shows a classification of players Political: water is a human need International organisations e.g. UN Government Regional & local councils Lobbyists & pressure groups Economic International: World Bank & IMF TNCs and developers Businesses and users Environmental Conservationists Scientists & planners Social: water is a human right Individuals Residents Consumers land owners, health officials, NGOs like Water Aid Photograph of Aral Sea with grounded tanker

Classifying the Water Players PoliticalEconomicSocialEnvironmental Global World Bank funds megaprojects to improve supply. Has become more environmentally conscious. This group also has businesses and TNCs UN Millenium Development Goal called The Water Target:"Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation " World Health Organisation G8 Summits : 2002 Evian action Plan, focus on water, and 2009 L’Aquila summit increased aid to poorer countries to help MDGs, + highlighted need for more integrated management The role of NGOs such as Water Aid or GLOWS has been crucial in managing water supplies Countries such as India, have mounted successful massive community-led campaigns on things like elimination of open defecation Government Health Agencies from national to local scale WWF and Friends of the Earth campaign for full Environmental Impact Assessments of major projects likely to damage the environment This group will include many scientists and researchers At a local scale NIMBY groups will campaign National Government owned water companies, eg China TNCs (Viendi and Suez RWE which owns Thames Water, American Water Works Companies providing technological fixes Local Individual 7 billion consumers

Hard Engineering Storage Diversion Restoration Eg Aral Sea Conservation Rainwater Harvesting Water recycling Access Charity and NGO actions Responses to rising demands

Hard Engineering – China’s Three Gorges Project – Government The Yangtze river project is the largest hydro-electrical scheme in the world and was completed in The dams have been created to store water for irrigation, flood control and most importantly, hydroelectric power. China currently uses coal for 70% of its energy usage. There are a number of costs and benefits associated with this government level project as well as clear conflicts between various players in the region. Costs 100,000 hectares of arable land, 13 cities and 1500 factories flood due to the dams 1.9 million people were displaced Ecological impact on biodiversity and fisheries Pollution due to flooded factories Soil fertility might reduce downstream due the lack of sediment transfer. Benefits 18,000MW of HEP to replace 50 million tonnes of coal Water will be supplied to a region which contributed to 22% of China’s GDP Flood protection flood save lives and prevent financial loses Water will be transferred to other regions

Restoration – Aral Sea Restoration – Uzbekistan Government, the UN and IFSA “Sustaining Livelihoods Affected by the Aral Sea Disaster” which is planned to improve basic social infrastructure, including access to clean water and gas through design and implementation of community development plans in at least 50 communities, as well as create income generation opportunities through improved agriculture, entrepreneurship and tourism. The International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) is a interstate organisation established in order to fund and credit joint regional environmental and research programmes and projects aimed at saving the Aral Sea and improving the environmental situation in the areas affected by the disaster as well as solving regional socio-economic problems. The northern Aral sea is slowly being restored which is a positive for Kazakhstan, however, the south Aral sea is not returning has been abandoned to its fate.

Conservation Food and Agricultural Organisation for the UN - IGO The FAO manage and advise on agricultural policies and practices. Focusing on developing countries. A recent programme targets the need for water conservation to reduce water scarcity in the future and increase agricultural efficiency. They also give advice on the benefits of rain water harvesting. Environmental Agency – Government Organisation The average person in England and Wales uses 150 litres of water a day. By 2020 the demand for water could increase by 800 million extra litres of water a day. Most of this water is used for washing and toilet flushing, but it also includes drinking, cooking, car washing and watering the garden. We use almost 50 per cent more water than 25 years ago, partly because of power showers and household appliances. Using water in our homes contributes around 35 million tonnes of greenhouse gases a year. The average family uses 500 litres of water a day (due to some communal use of appliances). That’s equal to 1.5 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year. Future Water, the Government’s water strategy for England, outlines a vision for the average person to reduce the water they use by 20 litres per day to 130 litres a day. orate-responsibility/environment/ Companies – Veolia Water Water companies and other TNCs such as McDonalds also have a vested interest in water conservation. McDonald's Worldwide Suppliers Make Strides in Sustainable Practices -- Receive 2012 "Best of Sustainable Supply" Awards

Conservation Food and Agricultural Organisation for the UN The FAO

Improved Access Water Aid – BI(NGO) Water aid claim to have helped 19.2 million people worldwide by initiating grassroots and bottom up projects to improve water access for the poorest regions of the world. They fund their organisation through charity donations and rely on volunteers to work on global projects. Case study: Juru Primary School Rwanda Every cloud has a silver lining in the skies above Rwanda. A huge rainwater harvesting tank at Juru Primary School, built with WaterAid's support, provides a constant safe water supply to over 1,000 students. In the past, children and their families had to make a three-hour round trip to collect water from a river that is not only dirty, but also inhabited by hippos and crocodiles in the rainy season. Thankfully, they no longer have to make that journey, which means they are able to spend all day at school. Monique, one of the students (pictured above right), told us: "We used to get dirty water from the lake. We would go to collect water before school and would bring water with us. There was never enough. Many times I would have to miss school."

Questions to discuss… 1.What are the different roles of the various players? Is there an easy way to categorise their roles? 2.Who is most effective in securing water? Why? 3.Who is the most important? Why?

Plenary Using examples, assess the role of named players in securing water supplies (15 marks) NGOs IGOs Consumers Governments Who has the most important role? Order them and add your to the diagram post it with a mini analysis.

PoliticalEconomicSocialEnvironmental Global World Bank funds megaprojects to improve supply. Has become more environmentally conscious. This group also has businesses and TNCs UN Millenium Development Goal called The Water Target:"Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation " World Health Organisation G8 Summits : 2002 Evian action Plan, focus on water, and 2009 L’Aquila summit increased aid to poorer countries to help MDGs, + highlighted need for more integrated management The role of NGOs such as Water Aid or GLOWS has been crucial in managing water supplies Countries such as India, have mounted successful massive community-led campaigns on things like elimination of open defecation Government Health Agencies from national to local scale WWF and Friends of the Earth campaign for full Environmental Impact Assessments of major projects likely to damage the environment This group will include many scientists and researchers At a local scale NIMBY groups will campaign National Government owned water companies, eg China TNCs (Viendi and Suez RWE which owns Thames Water, American Water Works Companies providing technological fixes Local Individual 7 billion consumers