Globalisation, Population Change and Migration

TNC’s – spreading into developing countries to exploit raw materials and cheap labour – but who provide jobs, infrastructure and income to the area. Transport – quicker and cheaper air and shipping travel which allow greater movement of people and goods Computer and IT technology – computerised production, satellite links, and internet allow distance and space to be squashed. International organisations – eg IMF who lend money to those countries in need and in return are allowed to trade in that country Markets – more people being able to afford to buy = a larger market to sell to and who demand more.

Globalisation The points on the previous slide are really important to how globalisation is still accelerating However, population change, through natural increase/decrease or migration has been around for hundreds of years and could be considered one of the earliest drivers of globalisation

Famous Migrations Immigration to the USA has been going on since the 16 th Century. People from Europe have long since considered the USA as a place of opportunity and where anything is possible And similarly migration to Australia has been forced, as well as through choice in recent years

Timeline of American Immigration First Wave of immigration Colonial settlement New Amsterdam (New York) founded % from Northern Europe 70% from GB – prisoners, puritans, adventurers Irish potato famine 5 main groups of immigrants arrived in the first wave Irish Catholics German Catholics German Protestants English Protestants Scandinavian Protestants

Second Wave of Immigration Central and Eastern European settlers with many from rural backgrounds Reduction in urban life Opening of Ellis Island in million processed 1892 – a day Under went medical assessments 2% deported for medical and legal reasons 1/3 of Ellis Island immigrants stayed in New York Second wave mainly concentrated in New York The second wave added another four groups: Catholics from Eastern Europe Catholics from Italy Jews from Russian and Eastern Europe Catholics from Canada

Third Wave of immigration 1970s - Present 1965 – removal of quotas 650,000 legal immigrants 10million 1968 – % European 40% Asian 50% of this was from the Americas, mainly into California LA becoming USA’s primary gateway city (New York a continuing one) 2002 – 32.5 million foreign born persons living in America (11% of total popn) 13.5 million people arrived in the 1990s (44% of total nation foreign born popn)

The Global Population Factors sure as natural increase and migration have lead to the global population increasing rapidly (as well as other factors we discussed at the beginning of the lesson)

Point at which real advances are seen in health care, hygiene and medicine During the 20 th Century transportation increases allowing more people to move around However, even though wealthy countries may have declining birth rates, Africa and Asia still continue to

So what affects why and how people move around? You should hopefully remember that refer to these reasons as push and pull factors Push and pull factors Things that draw/attract people to an area Things that encourage people to leave the place they live in

Task You need to create a table of push and pull factors You then need to go one step further by dividing up your into one of four categories: economic, social, political and environmental You may want to do this with a key

Push FactorsPull Factors

Push factors Unemployment Lack of services/amenities Poor safety and security High crime rates Crop failure Drought Harsh climate (too hot or too cold) Flooding Poverty War Pull factors Employment/jobs available Better services (schools, hospitals etc) Safer area Low crime rate Fertile land for growing crops Good food supplies Less risk of natural hazards (drought, hurricanes etc) More wealth Stable political group Attractive climate (not too harsh) Better quality of life

Migrational change can lead to either a fall or rise in population A net Migration gain occurs when more people immigrate than emigrate. A net Migration loss occurs when more people emigrate than immigrate. The movement of people has led to a globalisation of population with diverse populations made up of many different beliefs, cultures and mixed societies. Migration is largely dependent on a combination of push and pull factors. However it is also largely dependent on the barriers facing a migrant known as ‘intervening obstacles.’ Examples include: Social obstacles e.g. family ties back home. Economic obstacles e.g. The cost of setting up a new home. Lack of information about destination e.g. Where to stay upon arrival. Intervening opportunities e.g. Get distracted along the way (E.G. Poles migrating to Ireland pass through London on route and instead settle there.)

New York As with most American cities, New York is a magnet to immigrants from all over the world Increasing population: 1890: 1,515, : 5,620, :7,892, – 40.4% foreign born, white population A continual target for immigration Mosaic of ethnic neighbourhoods which are re - colonized throughout history Anti – immigrant attitudes are prevalent throughout time

Other Groups Irish African American

Population Growth Over Time Industrial Revolution lead to fall in death rate and the birth rate – due to benefits of modern healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and education Economic growth is normally coupled by population growth e.g. the UK went from 5 million in 1750 to 40 million in 1900 Similarly, India has boomed from 300 million to over a billion today However, population growths maintains high when a countries birth rate does not drop due to cultural preferences for more children not changing – this is the case in large parts of Africa

As healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and education have spread around the world the death rate has fallen and in the most developed countries the birth rates have also fallen as we know children cost (economic reason) and we now prefer smaller families (cultural reason) The Demographic Transition Model

The Borderless World This is the first photo ever taken of the Earth. People had never seen the Earth like this From this point onwards people began to view themselves as global citizens, visiting and often relocating to distant places This is especially true of the international elite

Who are the ‘Elite’? Film stars Musicians Celebrities Doctors and health care professionals Computer programmers Property developers Writers Academics Sportsmen Bankers These people have desirable skills or money which is highly prized by countries and they will be allowed to move easily. EG – there are 200,000 Americans living in the UK which is an example of international migration

What about the ‘normals’? Since September 11 th 2001 developed countries (particularly the USA) have become very concerned about immigration policies and numbers However, people in the poorest parts of the world are becoming increasingly aware of the affluent conditions that can be found in the richer countries, while at the same time being forced to move through natural disasters and conflict