To use Collective Security, and diplomacy to avoid war for the common good The US considered it “their” war and decided to cash in by selling supplies. Militarism- stockpiled weapons Alliances- pulled additional nations into the war Imperialism- pursuits for land caused tension Nationalism- pride spurred on war He was the leader of Cambodia. He instituted a communist regime and emptied the cities, cut off foreign relations and persecuted the educated. He called it Year Zero Bell Ringer Who was Pol Pot and why is he considered one of “the most evil men in history”? What are the four MAIN causes of WWI? Explain each. Why did the United States avoid involvement in WWI and WWII? What was the goal of the League of Nations after WWI?

Geography Relationship between people, places, and environments over time

Geography Theme : Relationship between people, places, and environments over time Geography includes how HUMANS have altered the environment to match our needs *Dams to slow water and prevent floods *Canals to transport goods quickly *Irrigation ditches to water plants *Terrace farming in the mountains

Geography Theme : Relationship between people, places, and environments over time Geography also includes how the environment affects humans Can you think of a way our environment affects us in Northern NY?

River Valleys Many civilizations begin in river valleys because they provide a water source, a food source, flooding provides silt and rivers are beneficial for trade. These river valleys develop irrigation systems Nile: Egypt Tigris and Euphrates: Mesopotamia (Babylon and Sumer) Indus: India Huang He (Yellow River): China

Mountains- Terrace Farming Mountains can cause difficulties growing food, so terrace farming helps civilizations produce enough food for everyone: -China -Incas -Midwest America

Mountains- isolation and protection Mountains often cause Isolation and separate civilizations from other groups such as the Himalayan Mountains which separated China and India, or the Aegean Mountains which separated Ancient Greek City States. Mountains can also protect nations, like the Alps of Italy. These mountains even fended off invasions by the Carthage-ians and Germans. Alps in North Italy!!

Water Access Available water is a necessity for all civilizations. Not only is the water needed for crops and animals, but also for trade. The largest cities of the Ancient World were located along waterways which promoted Cultural Diffusion. These cities all benefited from direct access to waterways: -Venice -Mogadishu -Calicut -Mozambique -Rome -Constantinople

Peninsulas Land surrounded by water on three sides are peninsulas. They are great for trade and protection. Famous Peninsulas: -Italy -Arabian -Iberian (Spain) -Korea -India

Islands and Archipelagos Nations that are located on Islands benefit from natural protection and water access. While this is normally a benefit there are some drawbacks. Island life can be isolated and many island nations lack natural resources. Japan, for instance, has been forced to focus on fishing because their geography is difficult to farm and they have few raw materials.

Plains Sometimes called Savannahs or Steppes, plains are large and flat grassy areas. These are excellent for nomadic herding groups but lack protection. Mongolia and sub-Saharan Africa has some of the largest and oldest nomadic groups. The Russian Steppes are another type of Plain.

Plateau Plains and Plateaus are similar, but a plateau is elevated, or higher from sea level. One famous plateau is the Tibetan Plateau. Located high in the Himalayan Mountains, Tibet’s Plateau housed Buddhist Monks for generations until the Chinese took over in the 1950s. India also has the Deccan Plateau, which struggles to hold enough water for settlement.

Deserts Arid, dry climate with little precipitation and little vegetation. The Sahara desert affects most of North Africa and is growing. Antarctica and the Russian Tundra (in Siberia) are examples of cold deserts.

Geography Terms Isthmus- a narrow strip of land between water Strait- a narrow strip of water Archipelago-a chain of islands Monsoon- seasonal winds that made Indian Ocean trade predictable and bring rain Ring of Fire –Pacific area with many volcanoes, earthquakes and other disasters. Two massive earthquakes occurred last weekend in Japan and Ecuador. Both are located on the Ring of Fire.

Human impacts Throughout history many civilizations have adapted to their environment and geographic challenges. These include: -Irrigation -terrace farming -Aztec Chinampas -roads -Desertification -Deforestation -canals -dams

Irrigation Process of getting water to the crops. Often includes digging ditches or building machines like water wheels. -Egypt’s Shadufs were used to bring water from the Nile river into canal like irrigation systems. This was vitally important because Egypt is located in the Sahara desert and only the Nile is a source of water

Terrace farming Growing crops in mountainous terrain is difficult because excessive rain can lead to land slides. Terrace farming allows mountain dwellers to grow ample food: -Incas -Chinese -America

Aztec Chinampas The Azteca Empire, located in present day Mexico, was a powerful nation, centralized in the middle of Lake Texcoco. Tenochtitlan was the capital and as it grew the Aztecs extended their island by creating floating gardens known as Chinampas.

Roads As empires grew they needed the ability to quickly move information, goods and the military. To satisfy these needs many empires built primitive road systems, but the Romans, Chinese and Incas built extensive road systems. Roads helped create strong centralized governments. “…all roads lead to Rome..”

The expansion of the desert due to lack of vegetation and water. The Sahara is expanding an average of 50 feet a year. It began when the Bantu were practicing Slash and Burn Agriculture but the problem persists today. Desertification

Deforestation As the human population swells we are taking more land and using more resources. Deforestation is a significant problem in areas where vast forests remain such as the Amazon of South America. Deforestation is killing off animal species and increasing Greenhouse Gases.

Canals Canals are manmade waterways linking two bodies of water to speed up trade and use less fuel to trade. Famous Canals: Suez Canal (near Egypt) Panama Canal Grand Canal in China

Dams Dams are manmade structures to hold water, often used to generate electricity and control flooding. Dams block the flow of water down river, but by doing so causes the controlled flooding of a reservoir. These reservoirs take up the land previously inhabited by people and animals. Famous Dams: 1) Aswan Dam in Egypt allows them to irrigate thousands more acres a year 2) Three Gorges Dam in China Aswan Dam located at Lake Nasser 

Case Study: Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges dam was built in China along the Yangtze River. The Project was completed in 2009 and cost nearly $30 Billion. However, in order to make the dam, thousands of acres had to be flooded, displacing millions of Chinese. Dams create large lakes known as reservoirs.

Environmental issues Though the Dam generates huge amounts of power, the dam negatively impacts the environment, and could potentially end millions of lives if it breaks. The Dam creates a barrier, preventing many species of fish from spawning. Populations have decreased, and natural predators, like the Baiji dolphin will be affected by a lack of food

DVD: Destination Travel Guide China- First Disc scene 5 All dams have an impact, but the Three Gorges Dam has been controversial because its effects are so far reaching: -100 villages submerged -thousands of species threatened -potentially could kill millions if it fails

Review Which is an accurate statement about Japan’s natural resources? 1.Japan has extensively used the seas for fishing 2.Large reserves of petroleum are located in the northern part of Japan 3.Japan has large fertile plains suitable for growing grain 4.Large coal and iron-ore deposits are located in the mountain region

Review The term “Latin America” most accurately refers to the 1.Areas of the Western Hemisphere south of the US 2. Countries that belong to the Organization of American States 3. Continents of North and South America 4. Countries that have close economic ties with Spain

Review An effect of mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development of 1.Industrialization 2.Single-crop economy 3.Desalination projects 4.Terrace farming

Review Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia’s foreign policies and economic development 1.Lack of resources 2.Vast desert regions 3.Limited access to warm-water ports 4.Extensive mountain ranges

Review Many people in Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of the summer monsoons each year because 1.Floods are the only way to water their farmlands 2.Daily temperatures often reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit 3.Little rain has fallen for many months 4.Oases provide water for nomadic herders

Review A topographical map would most likely be used to 1.Identify the major agricultural products of Egypt 2.Determine the population of Beijing, China 3.Estimate the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand 4.Count the number of provinces in India

Review On a map of the world, Asia is to Japan as Europe is to 1.Great Britain 2.The Netherlands 3.Austria 4.Italy

Review The Russian Steppe is most similar in topography to the 1.Mountains in Switzerland 2.Deserts in the Middle East 3.Rainforests in South America 4.Savannas in Africa

Review One factor that accounted for Chinese influence on traditional Japanese culture was the 1.Continuous warfare between the countries 2.Geographic location of the countries 3.Refusal of western nations to trade with Japan 4.Annexation of Japan into the Chinese Empire

Review Which Geographic factor has contributed most to the economic growth of Japan, Egypt, and Great Britain? 1.A variety of natural resources 2.Reliable amount of rainfall 3.Abundance of arable land 4.Access to important waterways

Review Which geographic factor has helped China remain isolated for many centuries? 1.Many natural harbors 2.Navigable river systems 3.Severe climate 4.Northern and western mountain ranges

Review Which geographic factor was most important to the development of the early river valley civilizations? 1.Fertile soils 2.High mountains 3.Vast deserts 4.Smooth coastlines

Review A major factor contributing to the destruction of the Amazon rain forests is the 1.Movement of people from rural to urban areas 2.Attempt of native peoples to end illegal drug traffic 3.Need for more farmland 4.Spread of Christianity

Review The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased in recent years. Environmentalists suggest this change is a direct result of the 1.Improper storage of solid and nuclear waste 2.Overcutting of forests and the increased use of fossil fuels 3.Dumping of inorganic material into lakes and rivers 4.Use of herbicides and toxic substances such as asbestos and DDT