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Chapter Menu Introduction Section 1: Section 1: Mexico Section 2: Section 2: Central America and the Caribbean Section 3: Section 3: South America Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1 A study of the cultural geography of Latin America will introduce the tremendous ethnic diversity of this region. It highlights how history and the blending of native and imported cultures have influenced how people live in Latin America.

Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: Mexico The characteristics and distribution of cultures influence human systems. Mexico has been shaped by the civilizations of the Maya and the Inca, and by the Spanish.

Chapter Intro 3 Section 2:Central America and the Caribbean Culture influences people’s perceptions of places and regions. Native American, European, and African cultures have influenced Central America and the Caribbean.

Chapter Intro 4 Section 3: South America The characteristics and distribution of human populations affect physical and human systems. South America has been influenced by Native American and European cultures, migration, physical geography, and urbanization.

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Section 1-GTR Mexico Mexico has been shaped by ancient civilizations of native peoples and by Europeans.

Section 1-GTR indigenous Mexico conquistador viceroy caudillo syncretism malnutrition mural mosaic extended familyextended family mestizo urbanization megacity primate city glyph chinampas

Section 1-GTR external Mexico internal predict

Section 1-GTR A.Mexico Mexico B.Yucatán Peninsula C.Mexico City D.Tenochtitlán

A.A B.B C.C Section 1 How were farmers, laborers, and soldiers ranked in Aztec society? A.At the top B.In the middle C.At the bottom Mexico

Section 1 Ethnic groups, migration, and urban growth have shaped population in Mexico. Population Patterns The indigenous groups of Mexico thrived in different areas, such as: –The Maya in the Yucatan Peninsula –The Aztecs of the southern part of the Mexican Plateau

Section 1 Mexico is the world’s most populous Spanish- speaking country, with 142 people per square mile. Migration has shaped Mexico’s population: Population Patterns (cont.) –External migration to other areas of the world –Internal migration to urban areas, resulting in rapid urbanization Population Trends in Mexico

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which area in Mexico has become both a megacity and a primate city? A.The Tierra fría B.The Mexican Plateau C.The Yucatán Peninsula D.Mexico City

Section 1 Native American empires and colonial rule influenced Mexico’s political and social structures. History and Government Different people have ruled Mexico over the years: –Maya Empire –Aztec Empire

Section 1 History and Government (cont.) The Spanish gained power in 1521 by defeating the Aztecs. Mexico defeated the Spanish in Today, the Partido Accion Nacional (PAN) is in power after defeating the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Political power struggles still continue today.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Who defeated the Aztec Empire in 1521? A.Hernán Cortes B.Miguel Hidalgo C.Vicente Fox D.Felipe Calderon

Section 1 The arts, traditions, and beliefs of indigenous peoples and of Europeans have influenced Mexican culture. Culture The culture of Mexico is an intricate blending of indigenous and Spanish influence.

Section 1 Culture (cont.) Language—Spanish is spoken by 95% of the population. Religion—90% of the population is Roman Catholic. Education—rural schools do not have the funding that urban or private schools receive. Health care—it is subsidized, but of poor quality.

Section 1 Culture (cont.) The arts—indigenous cultures and the Spanish colonial influence are evident. Family life—Mexicans highly value the family, and often live with extended family. Sports and leisure—bullfighting, soccer, baseball, and jai alai are popular sports.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 What is the most popular leisure activity in Mexico? A.Travel B.Cards C.Celebrating D.Concerts

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Section 2-GTR Central America and the Caribbean Native American, European, and African cultures have influenced Central America and the Caribbean.

Section 2-GTR dialect Central America and the Caribbean matriarchal diverse patois collapse transmission

Section 2-GTR A.Cuba Central America and the Caribbean B.Dominican Republic C.West Indies D.Hispaniola E.Panama F.Haiti G.Puerto Rico

A.A B.B C.C Section 2 How many different ethnic groups do you think characterize the Caribbean? A.Less than three B.Four to six C.Seven or more Central America and the Caribbean

Section 2 Diverse ethnic groups, migration, small land areas, and rapid growth have shaped the population of Central America and the Caribbean. Population Patterns They are descendants of the following peoples: –Maya –European –African –Asian Ethnic Groups in the Caribbean

Section 2 Population Patterns (cont.) At least two-thirds of Central Americans are mestizos. Most people live in the highlands along the Pacific coast, but population densities vary. External migration has increased substantially over the past 100 years. Internal migration has increased urban growth, although the cities cannot support this influx.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Which part of Latin America is the most densely populated? A.The Caribbean B.Costa Rica C.Brazil D.Mexico

Section 2 History and government in Central America and the Caribbean have been influenced by indigenous cultures, colonialism, slavery, and struggles for freedom. History and Government European conquests: –The Spanish conquered the Native Americans in the Caribbean.

Section 2 History and Government (cont.) –The Columbian Exchange began after Columbus’s arrival in the Americas. –Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered Panama, which now boasts the Panama Canal. The Columbian Exchange

Section 2 History and Government (cont.) Gaining Independence: –In 1804, Haiti won its independence from France. –Other Caribbean countries were the last regions to gain independence. –Some islands remain under foreign control today.

Section 2 History and Government (cont.) During the 1900s, many countries in Central America and the Caribbean experienced dramatic political, social, and economic changes: –Panama Canal Zone –1959 revolution in Cuba –Democracy in several other countries

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The first permanent European settlement in the Caribbean was founded on which island? A.Puerto Rico B.St. Lucia C.Hispaniola D.Grenada

Section 2 The culture of Central America and the Caribbean has been influenced by the arts as well as the traditions and beliefs of indigenous peoples, Africans, and Europeans. Culture Language—Spanish is the primary language of Central America. –In the Caribbean, many European languages are spoken.

Section 2 Culture (cont.) Religion—the majority are Roman Catholic. Education—the quality of education varies depending on the country and the urban/rural area. Health care—this also varies depending on the country, and is linked to standard of living.

Section 2 Culture (cont.) The arts—Native Americans produced the earliest art forms. –Music combines Native American, European, and African influences. Family life—the importance of one’s family determines one’s social class. Sports and leisure—baseball, basketball, and volleyball have large followings.

A.A B.B Section 2 In the Caribbean, what is often the structure of the family? A.Patriarchal B.Matriarchal

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Section 3-GTR South America The cultural geography of South America has been influenced by Native American and European cultures, migration, physical geography, and urbanization.

Section 3-GTR brain drain South America hierarchical quipu comprised

Section 3-GTR A.Ecuador South America B.Peru C.Bolivia D.Rio de Janeiro E.Brasília F.São Paulo G.Buenos Aires H.Cuzco

A.A B.B C.C Section 3 In the majority of South American countries, urbanization has resulted from what? A.Foreign immigration B.Internal migration C. Brain drain South America

Section 3 South America’s population has been shaped by ethnic diversity, physical geography, migration, and urban growth. Population Patterns South America is home to an ethnically diverse population: –Indigenous cultures –Europeans –Africans –Asians

Section 3 Population Patterns (cont.) Most South Americans live on the continent’s edges, sometimes called the “populated rim.” Due to the relatively large land areas, population densities tend to be low.

Section 3 Population Patterns (cont.) Many people are leaving South America due to the following: –A search for better wages and living conditions –A desire to escape the violence of civil war

Section 3 Population Patterns (cont.) About 80% of the subregion’s population is urban. São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Buenos Aires are among the world’s 15 largest cities. Population Density in Latin America

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 How big is South America compared to other continents? A.The largest B.Second-largest C.Fourth-largest D.Sixth-largest

Section 3 Indigenous civilizations, colonization, independence, and authoritarian rule have influenced South America’s history and government. History and Government Indigenous civilizations—the Moche, Mapuche, Aymara, and finally the Inca ruled before the Europeans arrived.

Section 3 History and Government (cont.) Colonization—the Spanish and Portuguese were the first to colonize South America. Independence—by the mid-1800s, most countries had achieved their independence from Europe. Authoritarian rule—some countries have democratic governments now, but still struggle with corrupt politics and other issues. Struggles for Democracy

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Who conquered the Inca Empire? A.Jose de San Martin B.Simon Bolivar C.Francisco Pizarro D.Evo Morales

Section 3 The culture of South America has been influenced by the arts, traditions, and beliefs of indigenous peoples, Europeans, and Africans. Culture Language—Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and French are spoken in different parts of the subregion. Religion—mainly Roman Catholic

Section 3 Culture (cont.) Education—education varies greatly throughout South America. Health care—in countries with stable economies and high standards of living, people have better health care. The arts—Native American arts survive in many different forms.

Section 3 Culture (cont.) Family life—in urban upper and middle classes, the family is more likely to consist of a nuclear household. Leisure—soccer is a passion.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 3 Which other culture has had a big influence on the arts? A.Spanish B.Mexican C.Portuguese D.Asian

Section 3-End

VS 1 Urbanization and Migration Latin America is becoming more and more urbanized as people migrate to the cities looking for better wages and living conditions, or to escape violence. Because of the urbanization, Latin America has some megacities and some primate cities. Some Latin Americans migrate to other countries. Often these are the most well educated citizens. This drains the countries of important human resources.

VS 2 History and Colonization The first people in the region probably came from Asia over 40,000 years ago. They developed advanced cultures, and were skilled in mathematics, astronomy, and agriculture. Spanish and Portuguese explorers came to Latin America in the 1500s and colonized the region, extracting rich resources. In addition to gold and silver, plants, animals, and diseases were traded between the Americas and Europe. This is known as the Columbian Exchange.

VS 3 Moving Forward Latin American countries began gaining their independence in the 1800s. Most of the countries gained independence through violent means. The violence disrupted economies and led to instability in the region. Today most Latin American countries are democratic, and citizens are working to stop corruption. Although the countries revolted against the Europeans, many legacies of colonization still remain. Most Latin Americans are Roman Catholic, and speak a European language.

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Vocab1 indigenous native to a place

Vocab2 mestizo refers to people of Native American and European descent

Vocab3 urbanization the movement of people from rural areas into cities

Vocab4 megacity a city with more than 10 million people

Vocab5 primate city a city that dominates a country’s economy, culture, and government and in which population is concentrated; usually the capital

Vocab6 glyph picture writing carved in stone

Vocab7 chinampas floating farming islands made by the Aztec

Vocab8 conquistador Spanish term for “conqueror,” referring to soldiers who conquered Native Americans in Latin America

Vocab9 viceroy representative of the Spanish monarch appointed to enforce laws in colonial Latin America

Vocab10 caudillo a Latin American political leader from the late 1800s to the present day, often a military dictator

Vocab11 syncretism a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith

Vocab12 malnutrition faulty or inadequate nutrition

Vocab13 mural wall painting

Vocab14 mosaic picture or design made with small pieces of colored stone, glass, shell, or tile

Vocab15 extended family household made up of several generations of family members

Vocab16 dialect local form of a language used in a particular place or by a certain group

Vocab17 patois dialects that blend elements of indigenous, European, African, and Asian languages

Vocab18 matriarchal family ruled by a woman such as a mother, grandmother, or aunt

Vocab19 brain drain the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Vocab20 quipu (KEEpoo) knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records

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