Politics of the Roaring Twenties CH.12

1. nativism Prejudice against foreign-born people

2. isolationism A policy of non-involvement in world affairs

3. communism Economic and political system based on single-party government ruled by dictatorship

4. anarchists People who oppose any form of government

5. Sacco and Vanzetti Italian immigrants and anarchists accused, and found guilty of, robbery and murder

6. Quota system Set up by the Emergency Quota act of 1921, this system established a maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign country

7. John L. Lewis President of the United Mine Workers union, who called a strike and became a national hero as a result

8. Warren G. Harding President from , who had the most corrupt administration since Grant.

9. Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State under Harding who suggested a moratorium on building warships at the 1921 Washington Naval Conference in an attempt to stop a new wave of militarism

10. Fordney-McCumber Tariff 1922 tariff that raised taxes on imports to 60% to protect American businesses from foreign competition

11. Ohio gang Nick name given to some of Harding’s cabinet members who were his poker buddies, and the cause of his scandalous administration

12. Teapot Dome scandal Scandal that involved oil-rich government- owned lands set aside for the U.S. Navy being leased to two private oil companies by the Secretary of the Interior for $400,000 in personal gain

13. Albert B. Fall Secretary of the Interior who orchestrated the Teapot Dome land transfer and oil sale

14. Calvin Coolidge Pro-business President who took over upon Harding’s death

15. Urban sprawl The physical development of cities outward, creating larger boundaries

16. Installment plan Buying a product by putting some money down and financing the rest over a specified period of time ◦Ex. Car loans can be paid over a 5-year term, home loans can be paid over a 30-year term

War, Civil Liberties, and Security Opinion Poll Ten years after the attacks of September 11, 2001, an organization of journalists and academics conducted a public opinion survey about civil liberties and security. The poll asked Americans if they favored or opposed a variety of policies designed to respond to the threat of terrorism against the United States.

Question: Should the U.S. government be allowed to take the following action without a search warrant issued by a judge? 1. Monitor searches on the internet, including those by U.S. citizens, to watch for suspicious activities 2. Install surveillance cameras in public places to watch for suspicious activities 3. Monitor public library records, including those of U.S. citizens, to watch for suspicious activity 4. use racial and ethnic profiling to decide who should get tougher security screening at airports 5. Require all people in the United States, including citizens, to carry a national ID card and produce it to authorities upon demand 6. Arrest and detain suspected terrorists who are U.S. citizens for extended periods without being formally charged in a court of law

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues SECTION 1

Postwar Trends Returning soldiers took jobs from women and ethnic minorities Cost of living doubled Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born people Isolationism- policy of pulling away from world events Americans wanted to get back to normal, peaceful living and didn’t like anything that challenged that

Fear of Communism Red Scare ◦70,000 radicals joined the new Communist Party ◦After a series of bombs mailed to government officials and business leaders the public became fearful Palmer Raids ◦U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer appointed J. Edgar Hoover to hunt down Communist, socialists, and anarchists ◦Many people were deported or arrested

Fear of Communism Sacco and Vanzetti ◦Radical Italian immigrants who evaded the draft in WWI ◦Arrested in May 1920 and charged with the murder of a factory paymaster and a guard ◦Both had alibis and the evidence against them was circumstantial ◦They received the death penalty and went to the electric chair in 1927

Limiting Immigration The Klan Rises Again ◦4.5 million members by 1924 ◦Prohibitionists, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, anti-union, anti-immigration, anti-black The Quota System ◦Emergency Quota Act (1921) ◦Created a maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each country ◦Goal was to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe ◦Prohibited Japanese immigration

Labor Unrest Common Tactic ◦Employers attempted to connect strikers with Communists Boston Police Strike ◦Union reps were fired for asking for raises ◦Police struck and the national Guard was called in ◦Once the strike was over all union members were fired Steel Mill Strike ◦Denied the right to unionize ◦Strikers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias

Labor Unrest Coal Miner’s Strike ◦United Mine Workers leader John Lewis called for a strike ◦Attorney General Palmer obtained a court order to end the strike ◦Lewis publicly called it off while privately continuing it ◦Miners received a 27% pay increase and Lewis became a national hero Labor Movement Loses Appeal ◦Immigrants willing to work in poor conditions ◦Difficulty organizing because of language barriers ◦Most unions excluded Black Americans

Homework Read pages and answer questions 3-5 under critical thinking

The Harding Presidency SECTION 2

Harding Struggles for Peace Attempts at Peace ◦1921-Washington Naval Conference ◦Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes suggested disarmament for the U.S., G.B, Japan, France, and Italy High Tariffs and Reparations ◦Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised taxes on U.S. imports by 60% ◦Dawes Plan-American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France

Scandal in the Administration Harding’s Cabinet ◦Sec. of State- Charles Evans Hughes ◦Sec. of Commerce- Herbert Hoover ◦Sec. of the Treasury- Andrew Mellon ◦Ohio gang-president’s poker buddies Scandal Plagues Harding ◦Charles Forbes (Veterans Bureau) caught selling government and hospital supplies to private companies ◦Thomas Miller (Office of Alien Property) took bribes

The Teapot Dome Scandal Oil-rich land had been set aside for use by the U.S. Navy Albert Fall (Sec. of Interior) arranged to have the land transferred to his department and then secretly leased it to his friends in the oil industry Fall received over $400,000 from the various companies Harding died suddenly in August 1923 and VP Calvin Coolidge took over and helped restore faith in the presidency

The Business of America SECTION 3

American Industries Flourish Presidents Coolidge and Hoover favored pro-business polices in Congress ◦Keep government interference to a minimum Impact of the Automobile ◦Paved roads, homes with garages, gas stations, repair shops, motels, shopping centers, traffic signals ◦People could live farther from work (urban sprawl) and vacation far from home ◦Symbolized freedom and success

American Industries Flourish Airplane Industry ◦Postal Service ◦Charles Lindbergh made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927 ◦Amelia Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean ◦Pan American Airways -transatlantic flights

Standard of Living Soars Americans owned 40% of the worlds wealth Electrical Conveniences ◦Irons, refrigerators, cooking ranges, and toasters ◦Women had more leisure time and were free to work outside the home Modern Advertising ◦Hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desires ◦Business people began to meet with charitable organizations and raise money for them

Superficial Prosperity Great Quantities of Goods ◦Productivity increased and business expanded ◦Exception was farming, iron, and railroad industries ◦Created a major income gap between workers and managers Buying on Credit ◦Installment plan- people could buy goods over an extended period of time without much money down ◦Many economists thought this was a sign of economic weakness