Introduction to Anatomy Week 1 Introduction to Anatomy

OBJECTIVES Anatomical Terminology Planes of section Body cavities Abdominopelvic cavities Organ & organ systems Rat dissection

Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical! REMINDER: Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!

Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology The language of ANATOMY

In the anatomic position: Anatomical Position In the anatomic position: the body is erect the feet are on the floor toes forward upper appendages are at the sides palms forward face forward

APPENDICULAR DIVISION Regional Terms Used to designate specific body areas AXIAL DIVISION (Torso) APPENDICULAR DIVISION (Limbs)

Directional Terms Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure. Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position.

Superior: above Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head Inferior: below Caudal: toward the tail Posterior: behind Anterior: front Dorsal: backside Ventral: belly side

Superficial (External) Deep (Internal) Medial: toward the midline Intermediate: between a medial and a lateral structure Lateral: away from the midline Superficial (External) Deep (Internal)

Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk Appendages Proximal Distal

The sternum is anterior to the spine. Posterior (Dorsal) The neck is ____________ to the head. inferior to Anterior (Ventral) The brain is the skull. deep / internal to (Cephalic) What is the position of the sternum (breastbone) to the spine? The sternum is anterior to the spine. The dorsal surface of the human leg is its surface. posterior The region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the tibia (shin) is the proximal or distal end of the femur. (Caudal) ?

Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds……. Superior Dorsal = Above = Backside Front Behind Anterior Cranial (Cephalic) Posterior Caudal the tail the head Inferior Ventral = Below = Bellyside

Objective 2 Planes (Sections) An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes. These planes are: Sagittal (para, mid) Transverse Frontal / Coronal

Divides a structure into right and left portions. Side Sagittal: Divides a structure into right and left portions. Midsagittal: Produces equal right and left portions. Parasagittal: unequal right and left portions. Front Frontal (Coronal): Divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse: Divides a structure into superior and inferior portions; Also called a horizontal or cross section Top Bottom

Thorax cut in the 3 planes Transverse (Horizontal) Section Superior view/ looking down (inferiorly) Parasagittal Section Midsagittal would show the heart Coronal (Frontal) Section

Coronal (Frontal) Section Transverse (Horizontal) Section Brain cut in the 3 planes Coronal (Frontal) Section Midsagittal Section Transverse (Horizontal) Section

Objective 3a Body Cavities A body cavity is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera). Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity See torso There are two major body cavities: Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity

Pelvic inlet See Torso

Ventral Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Pelvic Cavity Superior to the diaphragm Viscera there include the heart, lungs, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus Abdominopelvic Cavity Inferior to the diaphragm Pelvic Cavity Viscera there include The urinary bladder, Internal organs of Reproduction, urethra (in women), and Some portions of the Large intestine Abdominal Cavity Viscera there include The stomach, liver, Gall bladder, spleen, Pancreas, kidney, Ureters, small Intestine, and most Of the large intestine

Objective 3b Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal. EPI = upon GASTR = stomach HYPO = below beneath CHONDRO = cartilage LUMBAR = loins (3-D) ILIUM = upper pelvis

In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside? Liver Spleen Gall bladder Left Kidney Vermiform appendix Testis

Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

Can you identify these body systems? What is their function? Name two organs in each system.

These sores are on which anatomical region? Sample Questions These sores are on which anatomical region? Antebrachial The sores are to the wrist and to the elbow. proximal distal carpal

Endocrine - & - Digestive Sample Questions Identify the indicated organ. Pancreas Identify the organ system it belong to. Endocrine - & - Digestive ? Identify the specific ventral cavity it resides in. Abdominal The pancreas is and to the stomach. inferior posterior

Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure.

The rat will be on the practical Yes - The rat will be on the practical

Some structures you will be identifying: Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Different from human body: Pay attention to: - Thymus gland - Respiratory Diaphragm - Cecum & Large intestine - Serous membrane - Uterine horns - Mesentary

Dorsal side Vental side Reminder Dorsal side Vental side “Back” “Belly”

Clean-up Dispose of rat, gloves, face masks, & used tissue in the black garbage bag at the end of the table. Clean dissection tools with Tool Cleaner and return to center containers Clean dissection tray with Disinfectant Spray Bottle, rinse, & dry and return to cart Clean lab bench with Disinfectant Spray Bottle