Anatomy – Greek for “a cutting open”  Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts Physiology –  Study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Distinguishing between Anatomy - we would examine a muscle, the structures that make it up and how it attaches to a bone. Physiology- we would examine how a muscle contracts or what forces a muscle contraction may have a the skeleton.

Relationship between anatomy and physiology If the 2 were looking at something non-living such as a truck, Anatomist would look at each part, take each one apart and put them back together so they can better understand how they are placed in or on the truck. Physiologist would explain how the combustion of gas within the pistons drive the shaft to the axles in order for the wheels to move the truck.

Anatomy Gross Anatomy-  Macroscopic- involves large structures that usually are visible to an unaided eye. 1.) Surface- general forms 2.) Regional- specific areas 3.) Systemic- specific organ systems. 4.) Developmental- growth/single cell to adult/ embryology 5.) Clinical- specific to research, medical, surgery Microscopic-  Involves structures that cannot be seen without magnification and limited to the equipment used. 1.) Cytology- study within the scope at a cellular level. 2.) Histology- study within the scope at a tissue level. Cells make up tissue layers and tissues make up organs (which now cross the boundary to gross anatomy)

Physiology The study of the function of anatomical structures.  1.) Cell Physiology- studies cells and the relationship between each individual and the interactions they have with one another.  2.) Special Physiology- studies a specific organ. (Heart)  3.) Systemic Physiology- studies a specific organ system (Cardiovascular system)  4.) Pathological Physiology- studies the effects disease has on specific organ systems.

Levels of Structural Organization

Levels of Organization 1.) Chemical (Molecular)- Atoms and the bonds they make to form simple and complex molecules. 2.) Cellular- organelles found within each and the interactions that are made between them and the molecules created at the molecular level. 3.) Tissue- How cells work together to form the layers that make up and help drive an organ. 4.) Organ- interactions of 2 or more tissues that help perform functions for an organ system. 5.) Organ system- interactions of 2 or more organs that help perform vital tasks for an organism. 6.) Organism- You!!!!

12 Major Human Body Systems Take a text from the back and go to page  1.) List the Organ System  2.) List the Major organs found within each  3.) List the major functions that are accomplished by each  Organize it similar if not exactly like the text!

Homeostasis The ability to maintain a stable internal environment within an often unpredictable, inconsistent, and potentially dangerous planet. Failure to do so will lead to illness or death.  2 general mechanisms that are involved in homeostasis are …..  1.) Intrinsic regulation- when cells and tissues automatically adjust their activities based upon environmental changes.  2.) Extrinsic regulation- when the nervous system and endocrine systems work together to adjust of other body systems simultaneously.

Intrinsic Extrinsic When tissues receive low oxygen levels, cells release chemicals that dilate blood vessels which will increase blood flow rates thus increasing oxygen back to normal levels. When you are about to compete in a competition, adrenal glands secrete hormones that command the nervous system to stop blood flow from digestive organs and to skeletal muscles so performance is at its’ best. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Receptor – sensor sensitive to particular environmental change Control center – receives and processes information supplied by receptor Effector – cell or organ that responds to commands of control center Can you name the Receptor, Control Center and Effector in this simple thermostat diagram? See pg. 11 Control Center Receptor Effector

Feedback Loops Negative Feedback Loop  Most homeostatic mechanisms  Long term control of a system  Example: Control of body temperature – thermoregulation  Control center: brain (hypothalamus)  Receptors: skin  Effectors: muscle tissue in walls of blood vessels supplying skin and sweat glands See pg. 12

Feedback Loops Positive Feedback Loop  Initial stimulus produces response that exaggerates or enhances change in conditions  Produces extreme responses  Found when potentially dangerous/stressful process must be completed quickly  Example: Blood clotting See pg. 14

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