The Atlantic System and Africa, Chapter 18 The Atlantic System and Africa,

Caribbean Sugar Mill p470

19 | 3 Plantations in the West Indies Colonization Before 1650 Tobacco and sugar Innovations in labor and capital formation Sugar and Slaves Shifts from tobacco to sugar Decline of indentured servitude Huge rise in import of African slaves

19 | 4 Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century Technology and Environment Sugar production and the environment Slaves’ Lives The “plantocracy” Working conditions, mortality and rebellion Free Whites and Free Blacks St. Domingue Manumission and maroon communities

Chronology from Empt y cell West IndiesAtlanticAfrica 1500circa 1500 Spanish settlers introduce sugar-cane cultivation 1611 Amsterdam stock exchange opens Gold trade predominates 1591 Morocco conquers Songhai s and 1630s English and French colonies in Caribbean 1640s Dutch bring sugar plantation system from Brazil 1655 English take Jamaica 1670s French occupy western half of Hispaniola (modern Haiti) 1621 Dutch West India Company chartered 1654 Dutch expelled from Brazil 1660s English Navigation Acts 1672 Royal African Company chartered 1698 French Exclusif 1638 Dutch take Elmina 1680s Rise of Asante West Indies surpass Brazil in sugar production 1760 Tacky's rebellion in Jamaica 1700 to present Atlantic system flourishing 1713 English receive slave trade monop­oly from Spanish Empire Slave trade predominates 1720s Rise of Dahomey 1730 Oyo makes Dahomey pay tribute p473

Transatlantic Slave Trade from Africa, 1551–1850 Figure 19.1 p474

19 | 7 Creating the Atlantic Economy Capitalism and Mercantilism Government and private enterprise Joint-stock companies, charters Anglo-French Atlantic rivalry The Atlantic Circuit Connections to global trade Slave trade Middle Passage

Plantation Scene, Antigua, British West Indies p475

Caribbean Hurricane p477

Slave Occupations on a Jamaican Sugar Plantation, 1788 Occupations and ConditionsMenWomenBoys and GirlsTotal Field laborers6278 Empty cell140 Tradesmen29Empty cell 29 Field drivers4Empty cell 4 Field cooks Empty cell4 4 Mule-, cattle-, and stablemen12 Empty cell 12 Watchmen18 Empty cell 18 Nurse Empty cell1 1 Midwife Empty cell1 1 Domestics and gardeners Empty cell 8 Grass-gang Empty cell 20 Total employed Infants Empty cell 23 Invalids (18 with yaws) Empty cell 32 Absent on roads Empty cell 5 Superannuated [elderly] Empty cell 7 Overall total Empty cell 304 Table 19.1 p478

Birth and Death on a Jamaican Sugar Plantaton, YearMales BornFemales Born PurchasedMales DiedFemales Died Proportion of Deaths in —321 in —421 in in —8101 in in —031 in 99 Total Empty cell Born 37Empty cell Died 72Empty cell Table 19.2 p479

The Brutal Foundation of Plantation Prosperity p479

Cudjoe, Leader of the Jamaican Maroons, Negotiates a Peace Treaty p481

19 | 14 Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast Trade without colonization African impact Rise of Oyo and Asante The Bight of Biafra and Angola Environment, refugees and slavery Africa’s European and Islamic Contacts Trans-Saharan slave trade Cultural effects

The Atlantic Economy Map 19.1 p484

Slave Ship p485

The African Slave Trade, 1500–1800 Map 19.2 p486

West African States and Trade, 1500–1800 Map 19.3 p488

Luanda, Angola p490

Traders Approaching Timbuktu p491

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo p493