1 E-Government Lecture 7

2 E-Government : An Overview Implementing E-Government Online Publishing, E-Book, Blogging Knowledge Management & E-Commerce Contents Customer-to-Customer E-Commerce E-Learning Peer-To-Peer Networks & Applications

3 What is E-Government? Electronic Government = Electronic + Government The application of electronic means in –The interaction between government, citizens, businesses and employees. –Internal government operations to simplify and improve democratic, government and business aspects of governance –In the US, the use of e-government by the federal government was driven by the 1998 Government Paperwork Elimination Act. –Korea’s strides for the e-Government began in the mid 80’s when the ‘National Basic Information System’ project was first implemented. E-Government : An Overview

4 SMART Governance E-Governance delivers SMART governance –S - Simple –M - Moral –A - Accountable –R – Responsive –T – Transparent

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6 CountryType of Government ApplicationNumber of days to process before application Number of days to process after application ChileTaxes online25 days12 hours BrazilRegistration of 29 documentsSeveral days20-30 minutes per document, one day for business licenses India [AndhraPra desh] Valuation of propertyFew days10 minutes India [AndhraPra desh] Land Registration7-15 days5 minutes India [Karnataka] Updating land registration1-2 years30 days for approval, request completed on demand. India [Karnataka] Obtaining land title certificates3-30 days5-30 minutes JamaicaCustoms online2-3 days for brokers to process entry 3-4 hours PhilippinesCustoms online8 days to release cargo4 hours to release cargo

7 G2C- Government –to-Citizen G2B- Government-to-Business Categories of E-Government IEE- Internal Efficiency and Effectiveness G2G- Government-to-Government G2E- Government-to-Employee

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9 Reduce the average time for citizens to find benefits and determine eligibility. Reduce the number of clicks to access relevant loan information Increase the number of citizens who use the Internet to find information on recreational opportunities. Government-To-Citizens Includes all of the transactions between a government and its citizens that can take place electronically Objectives : The basic idea is to enable citizens to interact with the government from their homes

10 Citizen can ask questions to the government. Citizen can renew their driving license, pay the tax, traffic tickets etc. In Politics by Politicians, eg USA & South Korea. Electron Voting.[ Brazil – First Country in 2000] Solving constituents’ problems. Broadcasting of city council meetings, press conferences, and public address. Electronic Benefits Transfer. Reduction of Corruption. Uses

11 Government-To-Business Automate their interactions with businesses. Two way relationship i.e. G2B and B2G. G2B refers to e-commerce in which government sells products to businesses or provides them with services as well as to business selling products and services to government. Objective Increase the ability for citizens and businesses to find, view and comment on rules and regulations. Reduce burden on business by enabling online tax filing. Reduce the time to fill out export forms and locate information. Reduce time for businesses to file and comply with regulations.

12 Government E-Procurement. Group Purchasing. Forward E-Auctions Tax Collection and Management. Uses

13 Government-To-Government It consists of Electronic Commerce activities between units of government, including those within one governmental body. Goal is to improve the effectiveness or the efficiency of the government. Objective :Decrease response times for jurisdictions and disciplines to response to emergency incidents. :Reduce the time to verify birth and death entitlement information. :Increase the number of grant programs available for electronic application.

14 Data bank. Interaction among the government body. This is the first step in e-government system Uses

15 Government employ large number of people. Objective: Increase availability of training programs for government employees Reduce the average time to process clearance forms Increase use of e-travel services within each agency Reduce the time for citizens to search for federal job Reduce time and overhead cost to purchase goods and services throughout the federal government IEE- Internal Efficiency and Effectiveness &G2E- Government-to-Employee

16 When the employees are geographical apart. E.g.: Lifelines service provided by the US government to US Navy employees and their families. IEE[ Internal Efficiency and Effectiveness] Provides tools for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of government operations and processes. Like: E-Payroll, E-training, E-record management etc. Uses

17 Implementing E-Government

18 Implementing e-government means using the prescribed guide lines into practice. It is the big challenge for the country to implement e-government. Transformation from traditional delivery of government services to full implementation of online government services is very big issues in almost all countries. –“Implementation is done only after the master plan is accepted by the expert”. Introduction

19 As per the Deloitte and Touche in 2000 have identified following six stages. Stage 1: Information Publishing & dissemination. Stage 2: “Official” two way transactions with one department at a time. Stage 3: Multipurpose Portal. Stage 4: Portal Personalization. Stage 5: Clustering Common Services. Stage 6: Full Integration and Enterprise Transformation The Transformation to E-Government

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © The Stages of E-Government

21 e-Government - Stages

22 Evolution of e-GOV. Gov website Offers limited, basic, static info. Phase 1 Emerging Content and Information is updated with greater regularity Phase 2 Enhance Form can be downloaded;Applicationssubmittedonline Phase 3 Interactive Users can actually pay for services or conduct financialtransactionsonline Phase 4 Transactional Totalintegration of e-functions and services across administrative /departmental boundaries Phase 5 Seamless SenegalNepalJapanUS, KoreaNo country UN global survey

23 The following implementation issues depend on which of the six stages of development a government is in and its plan to moving to higher stages. Transformation Speed –The speed at which government moves from stage 1 to stage 6 varies. –Speed is very slow. [ Resistance to change, budget, citizen adoption, legal environment] G2B Implementation –G2B is easy to implement than G2C. Security & Privacy Issues Wireless Application Implementation Issues of E-Government

24 C C ollaboration MIC** Administration, Technology, Budget Support for Common Platform MOGAHA* MPB*** * MOGAHA: Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs ** MIC: Ministry of Information and Communication *** MPB: Ministry of Planning & Budget C C oordination C C ommitment Implementation Structure[ Korea Case]

25 One of the most important issues in implementing e-government is its adoption and usage by citizens. Adoption rate depend on many variables. One of the main variables is “the trust in e- government”. Citizen Adoption of E-Government

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © Exhibit 8.3 E-Government Adoption

27 Building Trust in Government The United Nations, on the 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government has thought based upon the plenary sessions, workshop and meetings designed to contribute to the MDGs, by strengthening state capacity and improving the quality of governance.

28 Trust in Government

29 After These Things What Next?

30 Implementation is very hard. Specially in developing countries. There are many factors involved on it. –Lack of awareness. –Less Priority. –Literacy Rate. –Poor Infrastructure. –Lack of Commitment from Leader. –Political Instability. –Human Resources. –Many countries get diverted during implementation. Few Real Facts:

31 Another major area of EC application is online publishing and associated activities. Online Publishing is the electronic delivery of newspapers, magazines, books, news, music, videos and other digitizable information over the Internet. E-Zines: Electronic magazine or newsletter delivered over the Internet or via . Online Publishing, E-Books, And Blogging

32 Online-Archive Approach: It is a digital archive, like library catalog, or a bibliographic database. New Medium Approach: Used by publishers that seek to use the publication capabilities of the web to create new material or add content and multimedia to paper publications. Eg: Chicago Tribune ( www. chicagotribune. com) Publishing Intermediation Approach: It can be thought of as an online directory for news services. Yahoo! MSN Network, and other portals provide publishing- intermediation services. Dynamic Approach: It personalizes content in real time and transmit it on the fly in the format suited to the user’s location, tastes, and preferences. Eg: Just-in-time approach, Print –on-demand or point casting. Online Publishing Approaches and Methods.

33 A book in digital form that can be read on a computer screen or on a special device. A major event in electronic publishing occurred on March 24, 2000, when Stephen King’s Book Riding the Bullet was published online. Unfortunately, hackers breached the security system and distributed free copies of the book. Since that time, more secure system was developed. E-Book can be delivered and read in various ways: –Via Web Access [ Only read not download] –Via Web Download [ Can download] –Via Dedicated Reader[ Must be downloaded to a device] –Via Web Server [Contents are stored in web server / download] Electronic Books

34 Traditional Book Format- A software called Adobe Portable Document Format can be used to print. Online Bookshelf – Collection of books. Simple Download. The Download – e-book in simple text files. HTML, source documents, or Acrobat files / download with fee. The Rubics-cube hyperlink book – True multimedia The interactive, build-your-own (BYO) decision book- –“Reader in driver seat”. Combined with multimedia. Types of E-Books

35 Advantages: –Portability –Reduce physical burden of tradition book. –Primary advantages to the publishers is lower production, marketing and delivery costs. Limitation: –Require hardware/software. –Limited resource. –Not well accepted[ My research on Digital Library] Digital Library : Digital library of e books.[ Multi language] Print on Demand: Customized printing jobs, usually in small quantities, possibly one document or book. Advantages and Limitation of E-Books

36 A blog is personal website that is open to public to read and to interact with others using the blog. It deals with many topics like personal article, paper, stories, thinking etc. It is very popular after 9/11. Weblogging is the technology for personal publishing on the Internet. Wikilog – Extension of a blog. It allows everyone to participate as a peer. Blogging ( WEBLOGGING)

37 E-learning is getting popularity and more attention, especially in world class universities like MIT, Harward. Basics of E-Learning: –Web-enabled system –Knowledge anytime/anywhere Benefits and Drawbacks of E-Learning: –Follows 7/24/365 –Save Money, reduce travel time, increase access to experts, enable large number students to take class, provide on-demand education and enable self- paced learning. E-Learning

38 Need of instructor (re)training. Equipment needs and support system. Lack of face-to-face interaction and campus life. Assessment. Maintenance and updating. Protection of intellectual property. Computer Literacy. Student retention. Drawbacks and Challenges of E-Learning

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © Exhibit 8.4 The Effects of E-Commerce Forces in Education

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © E-Government Adoption

41 E-learning does not work for everyone! Weaver ( 2002) believes that e-learning failures are due to the following issues. –Believing that e-learning is always cheaper learning or training alternative. –Overestimating what e-learning can accomplish –Overlooking the shortcomings of self study. –Failures to look beyond the course paradigms. –Viewing a content as a commodity. –Ignoring technology tools for e-learning or fixating to much on technology as a solution. –Assuming that learned knowledge will be applied. –Believing that because e-learning has been implemented, employees and students will use it. Preventing E-Learning Failures

42 Distance Learning : Formal education that takes place off campus, usually, but not always, through online sources. Virtual university : An online university from which students take classes from home or other off-site locations, usually via Internet. Example : phoenix.edu, University of Marryland (umuc.edu/distance) Open University in UK and many more!!!!! Edutainment : combination of education and entertainment, often through games. It encourages students to be active. Distance Learning and Online Universities

43 Knowledge Management & E-Commerce Knowledge is the assets of any organization. The process of capturing or creating knowledge, storing it, updating it constantly, interpreting it and using it whenever necessary. Source of Knowledge : Internal & External Types of KM: As per Lai and Chu ( 2002), organization knowledge is embedded in the following resources: –1.Human capital [Employee Knowledge etc] –2. Structured capital [ Organizational capital] –3. Customer capital [Relationship between organization and customers] KM has following four tasks: –1. Creating knowledge repositories. –2. Enhancing knowledge environment. –3. Managing knowledge as an asset. –4. Improving knowledge access.

44 EC has many external as well as internal application, including both CRM and PRM [Partner Relationship Management]. To better perform its EC tasks, organizations need knowledge which is provided by KM. Core KM activities: –Knowledge Identification & Creation. –Knowledge Capture & Codification. –Knowledge Classification & Distribution. –Knowledge Utilization and Evolution. How is KM related to E-Commerce?

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46 It refers to e-commerce in which both the buyer and the seller are individuals, not businesses. The best known C2C activities are: C2C Auctions: –Selling and buying on auction site is exploding. –Most auction are done by intermediaries ( eg. e-bay). Classified Ads: –People sell to other people everyday through classified ads. Personal Services: –Numerous personal services area available on the Internet ( Lawyers, handy helpers) C2C Exchanges: –Customer2Customer bartering exchanges in which goods and services are exchanged without monetary transactions. Customer to Customer E-Commerce

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © Exhibit 8.6 How Expert Location Systems (Save) Work

48 A network architecture in which each workstation share data and processing power with each other directly rather than through a central server. One PC keeps the backup of its data for other PC. Users are not confined to the web pages. Several C2C applications are based on a computer architecture known as peer to peer[P2P]. Models of P2P Applications: Kwok et al, ( 2002) developed a framework of P2P business and service application. They are as: –Collaboration [ Allows real time direct interaction between people] –Content Distribution [Enable file sharing] –Business Process Automation [ I think BPR] –Distributed Search [Sending search requests in real time to multiple information repositories] Peer to Peer Networks and Applications.

Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © Peer-To-Peer Networks

50 Let’s See Some More!!!

51 Integrating Major Government Processes into a Single Service Phase 3 Phase 2 Phase 1 Storing Government Records into a Digital Format 1987 National Basic Information System (1987~1996) The Use of IT across Government Bureaus 1995 Framework Act on Informatization Promotion (1995) Master Plan for Informatization Promotion(1996) CIO appointed in the government (1998) Cyber Korea 21 (1999) ~ e-Gov Roadmap (2003) Electronic Promotion Act (2001) Special Committee for e-Gov (2001) Key 11 Initiatives (2002) e-Gov Korea History (Overall)

52 IT839 Strategy 8 Services WiBro Service DMB Service Home N/W Service Telematics Service RFID-based Service W-CDMA Service Terrestrial DTV Internet Telephony Broadband Convergence Network Broadband Convergence Network Ubiquitous Sensor Network Ubiquitous Sensor Network Next Generation Internet Protocol Next Generation Internet Protocol [IPv6] [IPv6] 3 Infrastructure Mobile Telecomm Handset & Equipment Digital TV & Broadcasting devices Home Network Devices IT System-on Chip Next Generation PC Embedded SW Digital Contents & SW Solutions Telematics Devices Intelligent Service Robot 9 Products Service Infrastructur e Product

53 References Turban Efraim, Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective 2006, Pearson Education Bhatnagar Subash, e-Government From Vision to Implementation, Sage Publication 2004 Cheema Shabbir G. Building Trust in E-Government, Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations, New York E-Government System Integration Course, KADO [Korea Agency for Digital Opportunity], 2006 Heeks Richard, Implementing & Managing eGovernment,Sage Publication 2006

54 THANK YOU