INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION An Overview of Chapters 16 & 17.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Evolution A population changes over time.
Advertisements

Warm-up 1) What is the central dogma? 2) Put the following steps of protein synthesis in order. ___ Polypeptides (proteins) are formed as ribosomes move.
Darwin Evolution Population Evolution Selection.
CHAPTER 17 Evolution of Populations
Evolution.
CHAPTER 15 NOTES.
Evolution Test Study Guide Answers
Chapter 17 – Evolution of Populations
The Process of Speciation
Theory of Evolution Chapter 15.
Unit 3A Human Diversity & Change Variation & evolution Evolution.
Darwin vs. Lamarck. Jean-Baptiste LaMarck French, Early 1800’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Two main points…
Population GENETICS.
EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE and PATTERNS. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION.
DARWIN Charles Darwin - naturalist aboard HMS Beagle from
Evolution: Lamarck Evolution: Change over time Evolution: Change over time Lamarck Lamarck Use / disuse Use / disuse Theory of inheritance of ACQUIRED.
Evolution = change over time. Evolution Individuals do NOT evolve! Populations evolve. Evolution occurs at conception, when new combinations of DNA are.
Ch. 16 Evolution of Populations
Evolution By Natural Selection
LECTURE 8: Macroevolution. What is microevolution? –Evolution on a small scale –Change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next –A process.
Evolution. Evolution Change over time Theory that modern organisms descended from ancient organisms due to how they have changed over a long period of.
Evolution and Speciation. Species A group of organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.
Evolution Chapters 15/16. Intro Video =PLISBHwlJXpn2bmLjfiShKcIHpBP cov24Ohttps://youtu.be/FpfAZaVhx3k?list =PLISBHwlJXpn2bmLjfiShKcIHpBP.
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations. What Darwin Did Not Know He did not know how traits were passed on from one generation to the next. He did not know.
Evidence & Processes of Evolution
Ch. 16: Evolution of Populations
Natural Selection and Evolution
Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter 15 and 16 Evolution - Change through time.
Evolution of Populations. How Common Is Genetic Variation? Many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. Many genes have at least two forms, or alleles.
EVOLUTION Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection – On the Origin of Species – Organisms produce more offspring than can survive (Malthus)
Evolution Chapter 16 regents. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How Common Is Genetic Variation? Many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. All organisms.
Evolution Chapter 16 honors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall How Common Is Genetic Variation? Many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. All organisms.
Other Causes of Variation
17.3 The Process of Speciation
What is evolution? A gradual change in the genes of a population of organisms over time.
Evolution Pre-AP Biology. Charles Darwin Known as the Father of Evolution Known as the Father of Evolution Wrote book On the Origin of Species Wrote book.
Objectives 17.3 The Process of Speciation
LEARN.
Evolution Sec Darwin and Natural Selection Evolution: Change in a population over time Evolution: Change in a population over time Galapagos Islands:
Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations Section 17-3: The Process of Speciation.
Evolution Charles Darwin Natural Selection: “Survival of fit” Fit reproduce Competition for resources Best adapted species survive.
Evolution: Science Department Unit Review #1-46 Science Standards: 7a-d, 8a-e Updated 2011 VG Charles Darwin.
Evolution – a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
The Theory of Evolution.  Darwin developed the first theory on evolution, which is the basis for modern evolutionary theory ◦ Darwin spent 5 years sailing.
Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations Evolution as Genetic Change in Population.
Evolution and Natural Selection. Population – group of organisms of the same species living together in a given region Natural Selection – process whereby.
Chapter 13 The Theory of Evolution - the change of something overtime. Theory- scientific truth based upon data or evidence.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Variation and Gene Pools A population is a group of individuals of the same species that interbreed. A gene pool consists.
Evolution Mincer/Scully. Evolution Evolution-The process by which species change over time, or become extinct. Species-All the organisms that can interbreed.
Speciation Drives Evolution Unit 6: Evolution Ch Unit 6: Evolution Ch
The Theory of Evolution
WARM UP – April 6 objective I can describe the 4 principles of evolution by natural selection. do now DO SPECIAL DO-NOW TODAY!!!! Answer the questions.
Evidence for Evolution
Do Now Explain the difference between directional and disruptive selection. Directional – one extreme of the variation of the trait is most fit Disruptive.
Introduction to Evolution
Natural Selection Pre-AP Biology.
Evolution “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to.
EVOLUTION and SPECIATION
Speciation.
Evidence for Evolution
EQ: What factors are involved in the formation of new species?
Evolution & Natural Selection Vocabulary
DO NOW: What comes to mind when you hear the word “EVOLUTION”
The Evolution of Living Things.
Evolution Study Guide.
Chapter 6 Sections 3 & 4 Review Packet
UNIT 5 PART 1: EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Evolution.
Presentation transcript:

INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION An Overview of Chapters 16 & 17

EVOLUTION  Genetic changes in a species or population over time  Lamarck/Darwin/Wallace  Natural Selection and “Survival of the Fittest”

Vocabulary  Population  Group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area and interbreed  Gene Pool  All the genes and all of their alleles in a population  Evolution (on a population scale)  Any change in the proportions of alleles over time (One allele becomes more common, another becomes less common)  Change in a population NOT change in an individual  Fitness  How well a particular organism can survive and reproduce to pass on its genes to the next generation

 Large-scale, often over a very long time  Branching of one species into two species  All species share a common ancestor Example: Evolution of whales from four-legged land mammals Macro-Evolution

Micro-Evolution  Small-scale  Changes in a population’s gene pool over time  Caused by natural selection and/or genetic drift Example: CF allele becomes more common in European populations because it protects against tuberculosis Micro-evolution leads to Macro-evolution \

How Does Natural Selection Happen? Video: Hummingbirds in Ecuador  What are some adaptations that these hummingbirds have?

Principles of Natural Selection  Genetic variation between individuals Due to mutation and gene shuffling (sexual reproduction)  More offspring are born than can survive  Competition/struggle for limited resources  Some individuals are more genetically “fit” than others – they are better at surviving, reproducing, and passing on their genes Result: Over many generations, the “fit” alleles become more common in the whole population because they are more helpful for surviving and reproducing. SUMMARY: SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION OF THE FITTEST

Examples of Natural Selection: Ex. 1: Long beaks become more common in a hummingbird population because long beaks help get food Ex. 2: Sickle cell anemia becomes more common in African populations because SCA protects against malaria Ex. 3: CF becomes more common in Europeans because it protects against tuberculosis Ex. 4: Some TB bacteria have evolved to resist antibiotics

SPECIES and SPECIATION Species -  A group of similar organisms  Can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring Examples:  Human species (Homo sapiens)  Horses and donkeys = two separate species because their offspring (mules) aren’t fertile

Speciation -  The formation of new species from a common ancestor  The gene pools of two populations must become separated Ex: The Galapagos Finches

Two Main Steps of Speciation 1. Reproductive Isolation 2. Changes in the Gene Pool Gene Pools Diverge (become different) Genetic Barriers to Reproduction Arise

Reproductive Isolation One population becomes separated and stops breeding with the rest of the species 1. Behavior: Changes in courtship or other reproductive strategies 2. Geographic Geographic barrier splits population (i.e.: river, mountain, body of water, etc.) Populations are separated and cannot interbreed 3. Temporal Species reproduce at different times or have other behavior that becomes time sensitive (i.e.: feeding)

Changes in the Gene Pool A. Gene Pools Diverge (become different): The isolated populations become genetically different. The new environments or behaviors favor different genetic traits (natural selection) B. Genetic Barriers to Reproduction Arise The two populations can no longer interbreed Due to genetic differences in habitat preference, mating behavior, or physical compatibility They are now two separate species!

Hybrid -  The offspring of a mating between two different species  If a hybrid can’t have offspring, there are still two separate species!

Reproductive Barriers That Maintain Separate Species  Before mating occurs  Geographic barriers  Ecological/habitat differences  Temporal differences  Behavioral/courtship differences  Mechanical differences  Chemical differences

Reproductive Barriers That Maintain Separate Species  After mating occurs:  Hybrid dies before birth  Hybrid is weak and sickly  Hybrid is sterile (can’t reproduce)

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION What is the evidence that all species on earth are related to each other and share common ancestors? Overview: 4 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures 2. Embryos 3. Gene Sequences 4. Fossils

1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – Similar body parts or bone structures due to sharing a common ancestor that had those structures  Don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in the common ancestor  Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have same bones

Homologous Structures, continued: Vestigial Traits -  Don’t have a function now, but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.  Examples: human tailbone/ostrich wings Ex: human tail bone, human goose animal.nationalgeographic.com

Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures Analogous Structures - structures that have the same function but NOT the same skeletal structure  This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common ancestor with that trait Ex: insect wing and bird wing bio.miami.edu Insect wing Bird wing

2. Embryos Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development

3. Gene Sequences Similarities between DNA or amino acid sequences for different organisms  Closer the similarities = Closer relationships

4. FOSSILS Fossils show…  show species that are now extinct  show transitions to new body forms Fossil Artist Rendering

FOSSILS, cont.  Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150 million years ago)  earliest bird… but has many dinosaur features