Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 28 Principles of Growth and Development

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Process: Growth and Development Assessment Nursing diagnosis Outcome identification, planning Implementation Outcome evaluation

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Importance of Knowledge Health promotion, illness prevention Health restoration, maintenance

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Principles of Growth and Development Terms –Growth –Development –Maturation –Cognitive development –Box 28.2 Principles of Growth & Development

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development Genetics –Gender –Health –Intelligence

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Temperament –Reaction patterns Activity level Rhythmicity Approach Adaptability

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Reaction patterns –Intensity of reaction –Distractibility –Attention span, persistence –Threshold of response –Mood quality Nursing implications

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Environment –Socioeconomic level –Parent-child relationship –Ordinal position –Health

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Nutrition –Food pyramid guidelines Variety of foods Balance Grain products, fruits, vegetables Low fat

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Food pyramid guidelines –Moderate sugars –Moderate salt, sodium –Moderate alcohol

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Components of healthy diet –Protein –Carbohydrates –Fat –Vitamins –Minerals

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors Influencing Growth and Development (cont’d) Adequate nutrition in vegetarian diets –Types –Protein –Calcium –Iron –Vitamins, minerals –Total calories

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Theories of Development Freud-Psychoanalytic-personality development –Infant-oral phase –Toddler-anal phase –Preschooler-phallic phase –School-aged child-latent phase –Adolescent-genital phase

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Theories of Development (cont’d) Erikson-Psychosocial development –Infant-trust vs mistrust –Toddler-autonomy vs shame or doubt –Preschooler-initiative vs guilt –School-aged child-industry vs inferiority

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Theories of Development (cont’d) Erikson –Adolescent-identity vs role confusion –Young adult-intimacy vs isolation –Middle-aged adult-generativity vs stagnation –Older adult-integrity vs despair

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Theories of Development (cont’d) Kohlberg-Moral development –Infant-praise infant & foster trust –Toddler-can learn right from wrong –Preschooler-can learn basic rules –School-aged child-concrete, help others –Adolescent-develop standards

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Theories of Development (cont’d) Piaget-Cognitive development –Infant-sensorimotor –Toddler-preoperational thought –Preschooler-intuitive thought –School-aged child-concrete operational thought –Adolescent-abstract thought

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question A father brings his 18-month son to the clinic. He asks the nurse why his son is so difficult to please, has temper tantrums, and annoys him by throwing food from the table. The nurse should explain that A.toddlers need to be disciplined at this stage to prevent the development of antisocial behaviors. B.the child is learning to assert independence, and his behavior is considered normal for his age. C.this is abnormal behavior and the father should be referred for psychological help. D.it is best to leave the child alone in the crib after calmly telling him why his behavior is unacceptable.

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer B. The child is learning to assert independence, and his behavior is considered normal for his age. Rationale: At 18 months of age, the child is learning to become independent and express his feelings. He does not have full command of his words and may use actions to express his feelings, such as throwing items.

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question The best way for an infant’s father to help his child complete the developmental task of the first year is to A.expose her to many caregivers to help her learn variability. B.talk to her at a special time each day. C.respond to her consistently. D.keep her stimulated with many toys.

Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer C. Respond to her consistently Rationale: The infant is in need of development of trust. Responding to the infant on a consistent basis develops the trust needed to meet the developmental task of infancy.