Severe Weather Spotting Preparation, Safety, and Communications Steve Hilberg, N9XDC Debbie Fligor, N9DN Amateur Radio Emergency Service of Champaign County

Attitude and Frame of Mind You are a storm SPOTTER, not a storm chaser! Your job is to provide factual, real-time information about weather conditions We all work together in the interest of public safety

Attitude and Frame of Mind Severe thunderstorms can be deadly To be an effective storm spotter you must also pay attention to your own safety! Training Awareness

Awareness Know What’s Going On

Awareness “Some people are weatherwise but most are otherwise.” Benjamin Franklin

Awareness Understand how the “system” operates Know the terminology –Key to effective communication

Awareness Daily Convective Outlooks are issued by the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, OK

Four Levels of Risk t APPROACHING –Strong thunderstorms are possible but little or no severe weather is expected t SLIGHT –Well-organized severe thunderstorms are expected, but in small numbers and/or low coverage

Four Levels of Risk t MODERATE –A greater concentration of severe thunderstorms, and often greater magnitude t HIGH –A major severe weather outbreak is expected Usually “PDS” (Particularly Dangerous Situation) included in Public Severe Weather Outlooks (PWO) and watches

Convective Outlooks Day 1 issued five times a day –01:00, 08:00, 11:30, 15:00, 20:00 CDT Day 2 issued twice a day –02:30 and 12:30 CDT Day 3 issued once a day –02:30 CDT Day 4-8 issued once a day –07:00 CDT

The chance of getting a tornado on any random day is very small, climatologically speaking. Put in that context, even a 10% chance of a tornado within 25 miles of a point means a much bigger threat than usual.

Mesoscale Convective Discussions (MCD) Issued one-half to several hours before storms are expected to develop or move into an area Information is intended for forecasters Provide additional information on what action may be taken (e.g. issuing a watch)

Mesoscale Convective Discussions (MCD) ACUS11 KWNS SWOMCD SPC MCD KYZ000-INZ000-ILZ000-MOZ MESOSCALE DISCUSSION 0254 NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK 1228 PM CDT MON APR AREAS AFFECTED...CNTRL MO/SRN IL AND IND/MUCH OF KY CONCERNING...SEVERE POTENTIAL...WATCH POSSIBLE VALID Z Z AN AREA FROM CNTRL MO EWD INTO MUCH OF KY IS BEING MONITORED FOR A POSSIBLE WATCH. SHOULD CONVECTIVE COVERAGE INCREASE...A WW WILL BE LIKELY. STORMS/SUPERCELLS THAT FORM WILL BE CAPABLE PRIMARILY OF LARGE HAIL AND DMGG WINDS. LATEST VISIBLE IMAGERY SHOWS AN INCREASING CU FIELD ALONG A PORTION OF A WARM FRONT IN CNTRL MO AND SRN IL...EXTENDING EWD ALONG A BOUNDARY THAT APPEARS TO HAVE ORIGINATED FROM OVERNIGHT CONVECTION THAT MOVED EAST OF THE AREA. AT THE MOMENT...WEAK CINH IS LIMITING MORE ROBUST DEVELOPMENT...BUT MOST DETERMINISTIC MODELS ERODE THIS OVER THE NEXT 2-3 HRS. A CONVECTIVELY INDUCED UPPER WAVE NOW SEEN IN NRN MO MAY INFLUENCE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT...AND SHOULD STORMS OCCUR...SUPERCELLS CAPABLE OF LARGE HAIL AND DMGG WINDS WOULD LIKELY DEVELOP... HURLBUT.. 04/05/ PLEASE SEE FOR GRAPHIC PRODUCT... ATTN...WFO...JKL...LMK...IND...PAH...ILX...LSX...SGF...EAX...

Watch Means the conditions are favorable for severe thunderstorms or tornadoes to develop Issued for a period of 4 to 6 hours Area covered may be as much as 20,000 to 40,00 square miles May be trimmed, canceled, replaced, or re- issued as required

Watches

Warnings Issued by local NWS office Issued when severe weather detected by radar, observed by spotters, or observed by public safety officials Typically for periods of 15 to 60 minutes Area covered is usually one to three counties or parts of counties (polygons)

NWS “Spotter Briefing

Preparing for the Season

Attend training Be sure your vehicle is good operating order Assemble necessary equipment – a “ready kit”

Ready Kit Items to have with you for safe and effective spotting

Required  Radio or other communications equipment  If using H-T, be sure to have extra batteries and/or auxiliary power cable  County map  Clipboard, paper and pen  Identification – ARES or CCEMA ID, drivers license, vehicle placards

Strongly Suggested  Report forms or a digital voice recorder to keep logs with  Wind gage, ruler, compass or GPS/navigator  Flashlight with extra batteries and bulbs

Recommended  Binoculars or small telescope  Rain coat that is bright colored or worn with orange vest

Optional  Folding chair or lawn chair  Snacks, non-alcoholic drinks  Camera or video camera, with extra batteries and memory card  Fire extinguisher and first aid kit  Spare fuses, paper towels, insect repellant

Vehicle Preparation

At the Beginning of Storm Season, and Occasionally Thereafter  Make sure the lights all work: headlights, flashers, turn signal, break/backup  Check your fluid levels: oil, coolant, brake, battery and windshield cleaner  Inspect your radios, coax, power connectors, antenna and antenna connector

On Days When Activation is Possible  Be sure radio and cell phone are fully charged  Fill the gas tank  Check your windshield wipers – it’s going to rain on you  Check your tire pressure (including spare)  Put a fresh application of Rain-X on the windshield if you have time

On the Job Your Safety is Important!

Spotter Safety Take a partner if possible Driver concentrates on the road Spotter concentrates on spotting and navigating Always let net control know where you are

Spotter Safety Move completely out of traffic Be visible - parking lights (not hazard flashers) Be sure you have a good field of view (at least 180 o ) –Important for spotting and safety Are there power lines overhead? Survey Your Spotting Location

Spotter Safety Too much mud? Tall dry grass - a potential fire hazard near your exhaust Avoid low spots or ditches that may flood quickly in heavy rain Know your escape routes! Survey Your Spotting Location

Spotter Safety Rural intersections can have low visibility due to crops or weather Heavy rain and hail=poor visibility and may mean you are in “wrong” part of storm! Avoid water flowing over roads - six inches can float a moving car (hydroplaning) Lightning can strike miles away - stay in your vehicle Driving Safely

Communications

Communications Your job is to observe and communicate CREDIBILITY is key! Be objective in your reporting –Report what you observe or experience, despite what you may hear on the radio –Avoid subjective and personal descriptions –Observation should be communicated in something measurable or comparative –Distance, direction, and movement should be a part of every report where applicable

Communications Give all reports with respect to your location Estimate wind speeds or describe damage being caused “When in doubt, don’t shout.” –If not sure of what you are seeing, take extra time to observe before you report –Report only what you see

Communications Avoid using the words “tornado” and “funnel cloud” unless you actually observe one! –May cause unnecessary public panic –May confuse other spotters Avoid mentioning specific towns or locations unless you are sure event is occurring there

Communications Know WHAT to report A thunderstorm is classified as severe if one or more of the following are observed: tornado or funnel cloud winds 58 mph or greater hail one inch or greater in diameter (quarter)

Communications Tornado Funnel cloud Rotating wall cloud Flash flooding URGENT Priority

Communications Hail one inch or greater in diameter Winds speeds greater than 58 mph (or damaging winds) Persistent non-rotating wall cloud Rainfall one inch or more per hour HIGH Priority

Communications Hail 1/4 inch or larger Winds speeds greater than 40 mph Cloud features suggesting storm organization (if you are familiar with these) Lower Priority

Communications “I have light rain at my location” “I can see lightning off in the distance!” “It’s starting to brighten up here.” “The clouds are really dark to the west.” Examples of reports we DON’T want to hear...

Communications Log all of your reports –Note time, location, and what you observed If you have something to report but cannot for some reason, LOG IT!

Servere Weather Report Form

Communications Keep your radio traffic... BRIEF CONCISE ACCURATE THINK about what you are going to say before you say it!

Communications Use proper radio procedures –“Hey you, It’s Me” “Net control, this is N9XDC” Repeat message back so person you are communicating with knows you understand –“I copy you want me to relocate to the intersection of 1200N and 500E” –“I copy your report of 1 inch hail at your location”

Communications Network Operations & Procedures

Be sure to follow procedures for the particular net you participate in –This is critical to effective and efficient flow of information Most nets are directed nets, i.e. all communications are directed to and through a net control station (NCS)

Network Operations & Procedures Notify NCS prior to any change in location, except in case of emergency or dangerous conditions –Get to safety. Report new location to NCS as soon as possible once situation is secure Report significant events only! Recommended General Procedures

Thanks! Good luck with your spotting this season!