Duluth Field Trip u Monday May 23 or Tuesday May 24 u 7:30 am – 8:30 pm u $30 for transportation u $ ?? For breakfast and dinner stops u Bring a bag lunch u Sign up and pay through School View/Fee Pay

Information Collection From Space/Light u Add this to your table of contents in your notebook.

Information Collection From Space/Light If in Aqua Blue write it Down (except this example)

u How many places in space have people gone? u How many objects have we landed space craft on? u How many objects have we sent space craft by?

Travel to Farthest Objects u Not possible at this point for Humans u Have landed a probe on Mars u Space probes have only reached outer planets of Solar System to collect data.

All information about Space from Energy u This energy is called the electromagnetic spectrum u Energy in the form of Waves. u Each wave has it’s own a. length, b. properties, c. energy. u Spectrum You Tube Spectrum You Tube

Visible light collected by Telescopes u Refracting telescopes uses lenses to collect light u Reflecting Telescopes use mirrors to collect the light.

Invisible Radio waves: u Collected by Radio Telescopes- like the dish network.

Radiation u Radiation is energy that travels through space in the form of waves. u Waves have high and low points called crests and troughs crest trough

Radiation u Wavelength is the distance measured from crest to crest or trough to trough crest trough

Radiation u We can see different colors of light based on wavelength (  m).

Radiation u Stars give off electromagnetic radiation in forms of: radio, x-ray, and visible. u Radiation is the ONLY way that energy can travel thought space. u Radiation travels at the speed of light: - 300,000 km/sec (7.5 times around the Earth in 1 second)

Radiation u Stars give off electromagnetic radiation in forms of: radio, x-ray, and visible. u Radiation is the ONLY way that energy can travel thought space. u Radiation travels at the speed of light: 300,000 km/sec u (7.5 times around the Earth in 1 second)

Frequency vs. wavelength u Frequency is the number of waves per second. u Units = Hertz u Shorter wavelengths produce a higher frequency, meaning more waves per second. u Higher frequency also creates more energy higher frequency

Electromagnetic Spectrum Arrangement of energy waves from longest to shortest RADIO MICRO Infrared VISIBLEUltra Violet X-ray GAMMA Long Short High Energy LOW Energy

Electromagnetic Spectrum Arrangement of energy waves from longest to shortest

Uses of the types of radiation: u Radio: music enjoyment, communication (walkie- talkie), television u Microwave: reheating food by ‘wiggling water molecules’, radar u Infrared: Cameras capture infrared light to do energy efficiency checks, night vision. u Visible: to see!

Uses of the types of radiation: u Ultraviolet: Part of sunlight, allows for florescence. Black lights emit UV radiation u Xray: can go through solid objects. Uses for medical and security (at airport). u Gamma: most natural gamma rays are absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. Human uses are sterilizing and medical imaging.

What can we collect from visible light ???? u Distance u Brightness u Temperature u Composition u Movement

Distance measured in Space u Triangulation:  Geometrically- Forms a triangle in which baseline and 2 angles are known can figure out Height of triangle or distance u Can use the Earth’s rotation or revolution as the Triangle baseline

Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon – 12.5, Polaris 2.0

Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon –12.5, Polaris 2.0 u Absolute Magnitude: The apparent magnitude of a star if viewed from a distance of 32.6 light years.

Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon –12.5, Polaris 2.0 u Absolute Magnitude: The apparent magnitude of a star if viewed from a distance of 32.6 light years. u Luminosity: A measure of actual brightness/energy output; The Sun may be used as a reference star and compare other stars to the sun.

Temperature  The color of a star is determined by its surface temperature. u Color is related to temperature based on amount of energy that is present. u Red = cool u Violet/Blue = hot

u What is the difference between apparent and absolute magnitude?

Composition: What they are made of. u Need to bend the light to separate the different wavelengths into a spectrum.

Spectroscope u Separates light into a wide spectrum of colors.

3 Types of Spectra

Continuous Spectrum: u Colors blend into each other: Rainbow, Sundogs.

Bright Line Spectrum u Bright lines of color separated by black space

Each Element has its own unique pattern of lines

Absorption (Dark line) Spectrum u Gas of atmosphere absorbs the bright color lines. So dark lines are emitted.

Spectral analysis u Each gas within a star gives off a unique set of spectral lines to determine the element composition within that star (identity)

Movement in Space: The Doppler Effect (sound shift) u A star’s spectrum can be used to determine if its moving towards or away from us. u This is because of a phenomenon known as Doppler Effect, where you would notice a change in sound as the object moves past you.

The Doppler Effect (sound shift) u Sound waves from an object moving towards an observer are compressed together and result in a higher pitch sound ( a higher note). u As the object passes you and moves away the sound waves become further and further apart and the pitch drops ( a lower note).

Doppler shift and light u Blue Shift: Light waves are compressed together when stars are moving towards Earth, creating shorter wavelengths. u Red Shift: Light waves are then lengthened when stars are moving away from Earth, creating longer wavelengths.

Doppler shift and the SUN u The Sun has a continuous spectrum u When closely observed one side of the sun shows red shift, where one shows blue. What might cause this?

Doppler shift and Galaxies u Mosy galaxies show a red shift u What would this tell us about the universe?

These spectral lines are shifted slightly to the right, hence the star is moving towards us.

Here are the lines of a star that is moving away from us.

Summary u Red shift means an object is … u Longer wavelengths have ______ energy. u Write down 3 things you learned about the electro magnetic spectrum.

The End