Nature and Scope of Sexual Offending Randy Shively, Ph.D. Director of Research and Clinical Development Alvis, Columbus, Ohio

Sex Offender Characteristics  Needy; Immature  Manipulative; Secretive  Controlling; Domineering  Poor Social Skills; Sexualize Relationships

Sex Offender Characteristics  Shame for Offense; Not want to discuss  Blame others and system for being at AH  Broken family relationships  Violence and Domestic Violence

Sex Offender Characteristics  Poor communication and relationship skills  Very poor self esteem- feels insignificant  Untreated mental health issues  Anger directed at Staff and System

Sex Offender Facts  Percentage of Sex Offenders who will commit another sex offense- 2.7%  Percentage of Sex Offenders who will commit another crime- 70%  Percentage of sexual offenses that occur while living in a supervised setting- 60% NCMEC, 2013

 It is estimated that 60% of sexual assaults are not reported to the police  Approximately 2/3 of rapes were committed by someone known to the victim  38% of rapists are a friend or acquaintance  28% of rapists are intimate partners.

Victims of Sex Offenders Incarcerated in Ohio  79% 17 years old or younger  56% 12 years old or younger  87% female  85% knew the offender

Misunderstanding of the Issues  Sex Offending is a very misunderstood area for most of the public- it is not often repeated as other crimes;  Many of the sex offender rules do not protect the public- they places barriers for the sex offender  Most sex offenses do not happen with strangers but people well known to the victims

Proportionally More Sex Offenses  Higher proportion of sex offenses with DD population among all types of offenses when compared to the non- DD offender population  Why? Why? Why?

Why more sex offenses?  Fewer dating opportunities  Belief in ID world that those with cognitive delays are asexual  Less tolerance of sexual deviance in community  Poor social skills-poor decision making

5 years10 years 15 years All sex offenders 14%20%24% Rapists 14%21%24% “Girl Victim” Child Molesters 9%13%16% “Boy Victim” Child Molesters 23%28%35% Over 50 years old at release 7%11%12% Under 50 years old at release 15%21%26% Harris and Hanson (2004)

RNR Model in Corrections-All Offenders  Risk- Who do we need to target for treatment- target moderate to high risk offender  Needs- What dynamic life areas relate to recidivism and which can be altered through active programs, ie. substance abuse  Responsivity- How? Individual differences in clients which need to be considered when presenting programs (ie. Motivation, ID, mental health)

Ohio Risk Assessment System- ORAS Risk Areas to Recidivate Family/Marital Accommodation Companions Alcohol/Drug Problems Emotional/Personal Antisocial/Criminal Attitudes

RISK FACTORS-SEX OFFENDING Prior sex offenses Diverse sex crimes Deviant sexual interest Sexual preoccupation Antisocial orientation/psychopathy Victim characteristics (male, stranger, unrelated) History of rule violations (non-compliance with supervision, violation of conditional release) Attitudes tolerant of sex crimes Emotional identification with children Conflicts with intimate partners or lack of intimate partner Psychopathy and deviance combined

Non-DD Sex Offenders - Typology  Rapists/Violence  Pedophiles/Child Victims  Immature/Date Rape  Pornography Violations-importuning/downloading underage

DD Sex Offenders in Treatment  Underage victims- Pedophilia and poor discrimination of age  Impulsive in general- violate rules and people impulsively  Anger/control/rape- retaliation or control of others drives their offending  Pornography- internet violations

There are no pure categories within sexual offending categories alone. Colorado study: 25.7% assaulted both genders 50% crossed over juvenile/adult CROSSOVER

Subtypes of Paraphilias  Exhibitionism  Fetishism  Froteurism  Pedophilia  Sexual Sadism/ Masochism  Voyeurism

Deviance or Disability?  Are the behaviors being assess representative of a sexual pathology (paraphilia) or are they symptomatic of environmental factors and/or poor understanding of sexual situations and social consequences?  Labeling someone sexually deviant can be a life sentence!

Assessing Paraphilias: Questions  Is the behavior (problems) part of a preferred sexual pattern?  Are the behaviors present when there is no active mental health disorder?  Is the behavior(s) part of a recurrent pattern?  Was the onset earlier in life?

ID Specific Risk Areas ID Specific Risk Factors in Literature: Lack social skills History of Delinquency Impulsive Low Self Esteem Substance Abuse Poor Response to treatment Phenix and Screenivasan,2009

ID Specific Risk Areas ID Risk Issues:  Psychiatric History Unemployment  Sexual Deviance Antisocial Attitudes  History of Delinquency Susceptible to others influence Phenix and Screenivasan, 2009

Coming to Treatment  Usually partial to total denial of sexual offense- roll with resistance (MI model)  Usually referred for treatment out of court mandate or program mandate- forced choice  A lot of thinking errors and social behavior problems related to offense

Society Believes Most Sex Offenders are Molesters of Children- Untrue  Small Percentage- 20% or less of DD sex offenders  Pedophiles are not to be trusted around children- they say they can not trust themselves  Need life long accountability and counseling

There are two basic categories of child molesters:  The first is the situational molester whose sexual preference is not solely children.  He perceives himself as entitled to sex and is likely to have a history of varied crimes.  He may abuse other vulnerable populations, e.g., elderly, sick, developmentally disabled.  He frequently offends readily available children to whom he has easy access.

The second category is the preferential molester.  This child molester has definite sexual inclinations toward children, with sexual fantasies and imagery focusing on children.  He has sex with children because of the sexual attraction and arousal.  The problem is not only the nature of the sexual attraction, but also the need to have repeated and frequent sex.  The preferential molester has the potential to abuse large numbers of victims.

Know Your Client- Best Risk Protection  What motivates him/her?  Do they know they have a problem related to risk?  What are their blind spots?  What are their strengths/needs? How can you build off their strengths?

Contact Information Randy Shively, Ph.D.- Alvis

References  Seligman, L Selecting effective treatments: A comprehensive guide to treating mental disorders. Jossey-Bass, Inc.: San Francisco, CA.  Quinsey, V., Harris, G., Rice, M., and Cormier, C Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC.  Center for Sex Offender Management Myths and facts about sex offenders. (csom.org/pubs/mythsfacts)  Harris, J., and Hanson, RK Sex offender recidivism: A simple question. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness: Canada.(

References, Cont’d  Heil, P., Ahlmeyer, S., and Simons, D Crossover sexual offenses. A Journal of Research and Treatment, vol 15(4).  US Dept of Justice. Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women. (ojp.usdoj.gov/nij).  Dornin, C Facts and fiction about sex offenders. University of Cincinnati. (corrections.com/news/article/24500-facts-and-fiction- about-sex-offenders).

References- cont’d  National Association for the Dually Diagnosed Diagnostic manual- intellectual disability: A clinical guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders in persons with intellectual disability. Kingston, NY.  Griffiths, D. and Lunsky, Y. (2003). Socio-sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Assessment Tool-Revised. Wood Dale, Illinois: Stoelting Co.  Boer et al. (2012). Assessment of Risk and Manageabilty of Individuals with Developmental and Intellectual Limitations who Sexually Offend (ARMIDILO-S).