History of Medicine and Pharmacy Chapter 1 Greg Roark MS, ATC,LAT

Objectives Discuss ancient beliefs of illnesses and medicine from 440BC to 1600AD List common ancient treatments that prevailed in Western civilization Describe 19 th century medicine and ID the influences that major wars had on medicine.

Objectives Describe the wide use of opium and the problems that arise from its abuse. Differentiate between opiates and opioids Describe how the first pharmacy came about in the US. Id the role that early pharmacists had in society. Describe the first technicians in Pharmacy.

Objectives List the major ways Pharmacy has changed in the past 100 years List important current trends in a pharmacy in relation to pharmacy technicians Identify the resistance to technicians that parallels historical resistance to pharmacists

Ancient Beliefs and Treatments Medicine has been practiced for thousands of years Remedies such as ______ have been used throughout history Severe illnesses caused by evil spirits

Ancient Beliefs and Treatments Many popular beliefs have disappeared, for example, trephining – a cut made into the skull to give the disease an exit Tribal shamans (medicine man) had the gift to be able to communicate with _____

The Medical Staff Aesculapius – Greek God of ________ His symbol was a staff with a snake wrapped around it It is often confused with the Staff of Caduceus, which has two intertwined snakes

Medicine in its Infancy Plagues killed thousands of people ________ were not known to be responsible for diseases Prayer was the most common form of treatment and still remains so in many countries

Medicine in its Infancy Hippocrates was a 3 rd generation physician He believed life consisted of a balance of ___ elements which were linked to good health Wet, Dry, Hot, and Cold Illnesses resulted in imbalance of 4 humors Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black Bile

Medicine in its Infancy Four humors were linked to the 4 elements – Blood = ___ – Phlegm = Water – Yellow Bile = ____ – Black Bile = Earth Treatment to rebalance the humors included bloodletting and laxatives

Medicine in its Infancy Hippocrates was responsible for advancements in medicine He ______ the effect of food and climate He first used recordings of patient information He promoted being kind to the patient with ___ and light foods.

Medicine in its Infancy __________Oath: Doctors act only for the good of their patients Keep confidences – what they learn/know about their patients ______ of modern medicine

Medicine in its Infancy Aristotle, Greek philosopher and scientist Responsible for many advancements in _________and Medicine Study and classified various organisms Described human anatomy for observations after dissecting animals

Medicine in its Infancy Claudius _____ followed Hippocrates believes such as eating a balanced diet, exercise and good hygiene Wrote on topics like Physiology, Anatomy, pathology, diagnosis and your favorite subject PHARMACOLOGY.

Medicine in its Infancy Roger _____ – philosopher and alchemist He refined and explained the importance of the experimental method

Medicine in its Infancy Paracelsus – Swiss physician and alchemist Believed in treating illnesses with ___ medication at a time Produced many non-toxic medications Introduced _______, a popular tonic to deaden pain

Ancient Herbal Remedies Prevalent treatments, multiple mixtures of plants, roots, and other concoctions Belief held that _______the type of plant resembling the organ effected cured the disease

Ancient Herbal Remedies Examples of prevalent treatments – Garlic for inflammation of bronchial tubes – Liverwart plant for liver problems – ____and ______for stomach ailments – Onions for worms liverwart….yum?? – Tiger fat for joint pain

Ancient Herbal Remedies Believe that evil spirits caused disease Treatments were through trial and error some effective, some caused _______ New scientists emerged in new methods were devised to test hypotheses, which gave way to advancements

(18/19 th century) Bloodletting used to lessen the build up of fluids that where thought to cause illnesses. Also used as a preventative measure Involved leeches and/or_______ Medical schools formed in Europe especially France and Germany

______ leaders became involved in researching medicinal remedies to treat the sick. Gregor Mendel – famous scientists and monk found the basis for the passing of traits to the offspring through______.

North American Medicine Early American: New immigrants brought ________from other parts of the world Doctors where responsible for diagnosing and preparing remedies to cure patients First druggists where Doctors

North American Medicine Early American remedies – Cinchona bark (quinine) – ________ – Mercury – Syphilis (very toxic and caused death) Average life expectancy -___ years

North American Medicine Childhood diseases – no ________ available Most treatments where concoctions handed down through family tradition

Opium and Alcohol Most popular tonic for medicinal use; ____ addictive Given as a sedative to dull the sensation of pain During Civil War use to treat painful wounds

Opium and Alcohol Households used it for less severe problems and depression. _______ at alarming rate Absinthe; alcohol based liquid; herb mixed with alcohol, served with water and sugar for tape worm………….ancient syrup??

Origin of opium and opiates Opium: by product of Papaver soniferum, or opium poppy plant Potent drug with ________ effect Opioid: made in lab rather than being taken from a plant Opium and opioids: act on same receptor sites in _______ system and have the same side effects

20 th Century Medicine Alexander Fleming: _______ discovered by accident Gerhard Domagk: Discovered the first ________ drug. Used during WWII to treat battle wound infections.

Advancements in Drug therapy and Vaccinations Louis Pasteur: Invented the ______ vaccine as well as the pasteurization process

Old Remedies: Making a comeback? The treatment for hemochromotosis can involve leeches and maggots to remove blood’ – Approved by the FDA in ____ – Treatment is very inexpensive (Get insurance) _______ is being studied and used for its medicinal properties.

Early Pharmacists Apothecaries (Pharmacies) sprang up after the _____ War. Manufacturing plants where built Training took place to give medications accurately Pharmacists moved into the role of druggists.

Early Pharmacists First Pharmacy School was __________ College of Pharmacy and Sciences 1821 In 1800’s pharmacists compounded nearly every drug ordered by physicians Cisterns are large, ornate jars used to store various herbs and ingredients.

Early Pharmacists Recipe book; where remedies where contained. Examples: chalk for heat burn; rose petals for head aches ________ filled with oils, herbs and spices

Early Pharmacists Show globes; interesting container associated with pharmacy Beacon: for pharmacy back to the 1600’s Theory: Placed in apothecary stores to let visitors know the status of health of the town. – Red = ______ – Green = ______

Early Pharmacy in America Early pharmacists played a minimal role in healthcare From _____ fountain an extension of a towns drug store Mineral water became treatment for different ailments

Early Pharmacy in America Pharmacists sold soda and ice cream, worked the lunch counter and filled the days ______. Pharmacy setting promoted trust in the Pharmacist.

Early Pharmacy Technicians First Pharmacy Technicians where those enlisted in the _______ Trained to fill prescriptions and to do the job of the Pharmacist. To this day ________ technicians have a broader scope training.

Early Pharmacy Technicians Family ________ helped behind the counters, filled stock, and waited on customers. Early clerks became pharmacy technicians

Early Pharmacy Technicians The 1960’s brought a need for standardized training. Professional pharmacy _________ became more involved in pharmacist technician training A national exam was created in 1995

Early Pharmacy Technicians Jobs for clinical technicians include: – Assisting with anticoagulation monitoring – Running the automation – Running the pharmacy coordination system Technicians are now in high demand

Changing Pharmacy Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (______) required in US. Today’s druggist needs in-depth and broad communication with Doctors and customers. Today’s technicians required to get education in addition to on the job training in some states

Changing Pharmacy Technician duties: Preparing prescription and _________Hospital Duties: Supply floor stock, prepare parenteral medications, transcribe Dr. orders, and fill patients cassettes Specialized technicians order drugs and supplies

Changing Pharmacy Technicians need ______communication skills. Pharmacist can also specialize in interpreting lab results, write changes in medication strength, oncology, and compounding to name a few skills.

Trust in Pharmacist/Trust in Technicians A pharmacist can be trusted to provide truthful information and be a confidant. Clinical pharmacist work alongside Doctors to prescribe medications and dosages. ________ Pharmacy: pharmacists required to council patients; technicians trusted to provide the best care by filling the correct medications.

Technicians of the 21 st century and beyond Pharmacists moving into a more highly clinical role, not only counseling but also working with medical staff. Technicians moving into transcribing orders, pulling medications, and filling prescriptions.