What is Graphene?  It is made of a single layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a repeating pattern of hexagons  It is one million times thinner than paper  These single layers of carbon atoms provide the foundation  Graphite - or pencil lead– is formed when you stack graphene.  Carbon nanotubes, which are another emerging material, are made of rolled graphene.  These are used in bikes, tennis rackets and even living tissue engineering.  It is about 100 times stronger than strongest steel  It conducts heat and electricity efficiently and is nearly transparent.  It is one of the most efficient heat and electricity conductors in room temperature.  It has the ability to nobly trap the photons of light  Graphene is made up of carbon  Graphene is not easy to synthesize.  The process is quite costly

Structure of graphene

Electrical Properties  High surface area and electrical conductivity  Graphene intensify in the field of electronics, biosensors and battery  It consists of flat and hexagonal lattice  Furthermore, graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor  The band structure of graphene impure the valence and conduction bands  When an electric field is involved to the bilayer of graphene, a band gap opens up Optical Properties  Graphene has high opacity for an atomic monolayer in vacuum.  It consume πα ≈ 2.3% of incident light in wavelength  Graphene has low-energy electronic structure at the monolayer  When applied voltage to a dual gate bilayer graphene (FET), it allows tuning of both linear and ultra fast optical properties

Mechanical Properties  Graphene is has high elastic modulus and strength  It is also harder than diamond and 300 times harder than steel  It’s tensile strength exceeds 1 Tpa  It is stretchable for up to almost twenty percent of its initial length WHAT GRAPHENE CAN DO? Biological Engineering  Improvement in speed and effective bioelectric sensory devices  We might even see engineered ‘toxic’ graphene that is capable to be sourced as an anticancer treatment or antibiotic Optical Electronics  Graphene in LCD touchscreens for desktop computers, televisions smartphones, and tablets  Graphene based e-paper with the capability to show, communicating and updatable information and variable electronic devices including compact computers and televisions

Ultrafiltration  Graphene is established to be used in water desalination systems, filtration systems, and cheap cost-effectively more sustainable biofuel conception Composite Materials  Graphene can be used in the construction of aircraft  Can be utilised to coat aircraft external material  Coating can also aid in the growth of high power necessity applications such as body shield for military personnel and vehicles Photovoltaic Cells  Graphene can be utilised as substitute to silicon or ITO in the production of photovoltaic cells Energy Storage  To improve energy storage mechanisms such as either a supercapacitor or a battery that is capable to afford both of these assured attributes without co-operation.

 Graphene oxide that arises upon exposure material to the air, will move easily through the water bodies  Graphene effects on the human body is not known, raising concern.  When graphene leak into the groundwater, hexagon structure starts to collapse and quickly lose the stability of the particles, and therefore can not cause significant damage.  Graphene in surface waters, where there are frequent organic elements, pollution may be more serious.  The sharp angles of the Nano-particles of graphene able to cut membrane cells of living organisms.  Therefore it calls for scientists to study the properties of grapheme carefully before you start actively used in the electronics industry.

 In the scientific community, it released so far more than 30,000 scientific papers concerned with material graphene.  Most of the studies of what has been written about the properties of graphene, with respect to the conduction of electricity.  If the researchers turned to the non-electrical properties, there is a new storm of ideas that deserve research and come far from the promising new theoretical and practical level.  Here's knowledge swells and mature very quickly for material graphene, how we produce and use.  All that we are waiting for now is the production of less expensive high and abundant quantities.  if that happens, it will expand in the heart of the paper from the date of technical and humanitarian, and go to a new era of strong support the use of a flexible material, and at the same time formed as starch.