Warm up Get your computer Go to my links Click on the atmosphere practice quiz The code is 135

Review and other info: Wind speed station modeling

Back to the Station Model NE at 25 Knots E at 5 Knots SE at 10 Knots ©S. Kluge 2007

Air pollution Work on filling out the air pollution worksheet and questions Use the links and powerpoint on my website to help you

AIR POLLUTION

Pollutants Carbon monoxide=colorless, odorless gas emitted from combustion processes Nitrogen oxides= NO 2 forms quickly from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants, and off- road equipment. contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, and fine particle pollution Sulfur dioxide= industrial processes such as extracting metal from ore, and the burning of high sulfur containing fuels by locomotives, large ships, and non-road equipment. Lead=a metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products.

More Pollutants VOCs=volatile organic compounds: chemicals used to manufacture and maintain building materials, interior furnishing, cleaning products and personal care products. "Volatile" means that these chemicals evaporate or can easily get into the air at room temperature. "Organic" means these chemicals are carbon based. Particulates=extremely small particles and liquid droplets, acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles. Ground level ozone=created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight.

Pollutants Primary pollutants emitted directly from a source. Examples: sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, Secondary pollutants forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Examples: ozone, NO2, which is formed as NO combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water

Practice test questions All of the following are primary air pollutants except a.Carbon monoxide b.VOCs c.Sulfur oxides d.ozone All of the following are secondary air pollutants except a.Ozone b.Acid rain c.VOCs d.NO2

Venn diagram/comparison chart Create a venn diagram or comparison chart comparing and contrasting primary and secondary pollutants.

Acid Rain-what is it? Precipitation (including snow, fog, mist, gas, and dust). with pH less than normal

The pollutants sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides Combine with the precipitation to form: sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Source: volcanoes, marshes, and human activities

Acid Rain… a.Acid Rain is precipitation with a pH of less than 5. b.The pH of natural precipitation is 5.0 to 5.6. c.Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with atmospheric moisture to create sulfuric acid and nitric acid. d.Six types of acid precipitation are acidic rain, snow, fog, mist, gas, and dust. e.Nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide come from volcanoes, marshes, and human activities

Acid Rain… f. The source of acid precipitation that receives the most attention is caused by coal-burning power plants in the midwestern USA. g.Three effects of acid precipitation are... a.It causes damage to aquatic ecosystems and vegetation. b.It affects plants and soil. c.It damages stone buildings and statues. h. Acid precipitation can be prevented by using wet scrubbers to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide by coal-burning power plants.

The effects Acidification lakes and streams Damage to trees, plants, and soils Damage to buildings and paints Negative effects on human lung function

Acidification of Lakes and streams Causes aluminum to increase in water Acid and aluminum levels kill fish (acid shock) Stream diversity declines

Practice problems Episodic acidification/acid shock can cause fish kills because a.The acidity increase gradually over a long time b.The acidity decreases gradually over a long time c.The acidity decreases a lot in a short period of time d.The acidity increases a lot in a short period of time

Damage to soils If soils have limestone bedrock neutralizes acid in rain If soils do not, acid accumulates in lakes, streams, soils Nutrients leached from soils Aluminum increases in soils

practice Forest soils can be damaged by acid rain when a.Nutrients are added to the soil be acidic infiltration b.Nutrients are added to the soil by acidic runoff c.Nutrients are leached out of the soil by acidic infiltration d.Nutrients are leached out of the soil by acidic runoff

Deposition Dry deposition= acidic gases and particles 50 % of acidity in atmosphere Wind can blow it around Ends up in runoff Wet deposition= acidic rain, fog, and snow

practice Given its common name acid rain, you might be surprised to learn that ____________of acid deposition is as dry particulates and gases. a.10 % b.40% c.25 % d.50 %

Damage to buildings and paints Accelerated weathering of building stone/statues Deterioration of paints and finishes Corrosion of metals

practice Damage from acid rain to infrastructure includes a.Deterioration of paints and finishes b.Accelerated weathering of building stone and statues c.Corrosion of metals d. All of the above

Damage to trees/plants needles and leaves turn brown and fall off. stunted growth damaged bark and leaves, vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects.

Practice problems What do nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide have in common? a.They contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer b.They are produced by the evaporation of gasoline, paint thinner, etc. c.They are produced by poor farming and rangeland management d.They are produced by the burning of fuels for electricity or transportation

practice The pollutants that cause acid rain can also cause human health problems because a.Sulfur dioxide from sulfate particles that can be inhaled and become acid in the lungs b.Volatile organic compounds combine with hydrocarbons to form smog c.Carbon monoxide combines with oxygen to form carbon trioxide d.Nitrogen oxides form sulfate particles that cannot be inhaled

SMOG Smoke + fog Primarily composed of ground level ozone Two types: industrial and photochemical Industrial= from the burning of coal and oil that contains sulfur Photochemical=automo bile exhaust, contains Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Alkanals, Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs), react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants

Smog… 1.Smog is a yellow-brown photochemical haze. 2.Smog is caused by the action of solar radiation on an atmosphere polluted with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, mostly from car exhaust. 3.Smog can make it difficult to breathe! 4.The major chemical in smog is ozone. 5.Ozone irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.

practice Which of the following is not required for the production of smog? a.Sunlight b.Nitrogen oxide c.Carbon monoxide d.hydrocarbons

Ozone depletion: How does it happen? certain chemicals used on earth escape into the atmosphere they are broken down by solar radiation and release chlorine and bromine atoms in a chain reaction, they destroy ozone molecules

Ozone, what depletes it? CFCs=(chlorofluorocarbons) refrigerants, aerosols, solvents, insulating foams HCFCs=(Hydrochlorofluorocarbons) insulating foams, refrigerants Halons=(agriculture, dry cleaning, fire suppression (fire extinguishers) Methyl bromide=pest control fumigant Carbon tetrachloride=fire extinguishers, pre refrigerant, cleaning agent Methyl chloroform=used as a solvent Any manufactured halogen source gases

Most common sources

EGEE Pisupati33 The Antarctic Ozone Hole Source:

practice Which can lead to the depletion of the ozone layer? a.Coal fired power plants b.Vehicle exhaust c.Burning compost d.aerosols All of the following are emissions by humans that can lead to ozone depletion except a.Chlorofluorocarbons b.Chlorine and bromine emitted by ocean and terrestrial ecosystems c.Halons d.Any manufactured halogen gas

Closure What are three things you learned about air pollution? What are two questions you have about air pollution? What is one song you would like me to add to Spotify?