Gary J. Pendergrass, PE, RG Washington Hydrogeology Symposium April 14, 2015 | Tacoma, WA The Missouri Carbon Sequestration Project – A Model for State Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Feasibility

Climate Action Plan The President’s Climate Action Plan calls for all new coal-fired Electric Generating Units (EGUs) to capture and sequester carbon, and for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to be reduced to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020.

DOE Regional Partnerships DOE has established seven regional partnerships to assess the feasibility of carbon sequestration. The regional partnerships are focused on assessing deep geological basins.

DOE’s National Strategy Development of regional carbon sequestration sites with a network of pipelines delivering CO 2 from power plant sites. Missouri power plant sites would be at the “end of the pipe,” so connection to the regional sites would not occur for some time and would come at great expense.

Missouri Geology Based on our knowledge of Missouri geology, we believed there might be suitable traps that could be utilized for carbon sequestration. The St. Francois Aquifer is a deep saline aquifer which underlies most of Missouri, and is generally not used as a water supply.

Target Formation St. Francois Aquifer comprised of basal Lamotte Formation and overlying Reagan Sandstone Lamotte Formation is lateral equivalent of Mt. Simon Formation

Confining Layer Derby-Doerun/Davis confining layer separates St. Francois Aquifer from overlying Ozark Aquifer

Shallow Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Project We organized a “state-led” project to assess the feasibility of carbon sequestration at individual power plant sites. ─Organized a consortium of Missouri electric utilities. ─Organized research teams. ─Secured Congressional funding. ─Entered a Cooperative Agreement with DOE-NETL. ─Managed the project throughout its five-year term.

Project Organization ─City Utilities/GeoEngineers ─Utility Partners o City Utilities of Springfield o Ameren Missouri o Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc. o Kansas City Power & Light o The Empire District Electric Company ─Research Partners o City Utilities of Springfield o Missouri Department of Natural Resources o Missouri State University o Missouri University of Science & Technology

Missouri Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units These 18 EGUs provide the vast majority of the energy used by Missouri’s families, farms, and businesses. These 18 EGUs collectively produced 77,330 Giga-watt hours (GW-HRS) of generation in calendar year These 18 EGUs are the lifeblood of Missouri’s economy and represent a tremendous investment of time, resources, and infrastructure that is not easily replaced.

Project Sites Selected four exploratory drilling sites at utility partner power plants which occupied different geological and physiographic settings. ─John Twitty Energy Center ─Thomas Hill Energy Center ─Iatan Generating Station ─Sioux Power Plant

Scope of Work ─Work at the drilling sites involved: o 3D Seismic Reflection Surveys o Rotary drilling to the top of the confining layer o Continuous coring of the confining layer and target formation o Downhole geophysical logging o Hydrologic testing o Pressure testing o Plugging & abandonment

State-wide Cross Section of Exploratory Boreholes

Scope of Work ─Work at the research sites involved: o Mineralogical and petrological analysis. o Reservoir analysis o Geomechanical testing o Bench-scale studies of CO 2 -mineral interaction.

Summary of Reservoir Properties

Recommendations for Additional Investigation Area A – Thomas Hill Energy Center and area to the northwest. Area B – Sioux Power Plant and area along Lincoln fold. Area C – Iatan Generating Station and Forest City Basin. Area D – Transition between Western Interior Plains Aquifer and Ozark/St. Francois Aquifer System.

Final Report A 698-page Final Report has been submitted to, and approved by, DOE-NETL. We are now free to use the report and findings. We plan to: ─Present findings at technical conferences. ─Pursue detailed site characterization projects with utility partners. ─Contact over states and utility groups regarding similar feasibility studies.

Recent Regulatory Activity EPA issued Clean Power Plan Proposed Rule on June 2, 2014 Proposes a “pollution-to-power” ration that each state must meet by 2030: CO2 emissions (lbs.) / state electric generation (MWh). Missouri: 2,010 lbs/MWh in goal is 1,544 lbs/MWh. Louisiana: 1,533 lbs/MWh in goal is 883 lbs/MWh. Washington: 1,379 lbs/MWh in goal is 215 lbs/MWh.

EPA Clean Power Plan Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions From New Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units (01/08/14) ─Coal-fired EGUs are required to implement partial carbon capture and storage as the best system of emission reduction. ─Natural gas-fired EGUs are required to implement natural gas combined cycle technology as the best system of emission reduction.

EPA Clean Power Plan Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units (06/18/14) ─Acknowledges that different states have a different of sources and opportunities. ─Sets up “state-specific” goal for carbon emission reduction. ─Established four “building blocks” for emission reduction. o Improving efficiency at existing coal-fired power plants o Increasing utilization of existing natural gas-fired power plants o Expanding use of wind, solar, or other low- or zero-emitting alternatives o Increasing energy efficiency in homes and businesses ─States are required to develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) ─While carbon sequestration is not mandated, it is suggested as an available option to achieve the emission goals.

Opportunities GeoEngineers is positioned very well to perform state-wide or utility- wide assessments of carbon sequestration feasibility. We will be contacting other state regulatory agencies thru the Missouri Air Pollution Control Program.

Questions?